CROP IMROVEMENT AND RECENT ADVANCES IN SAPOTA

By Praveen Choyal, Ph.D. Scholar at SKANU, Jobner,Jaipur

1. S.K.N. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Department of Horticulture Presented to DR. M.R. Choudhary Professor Presented by Praveen Choyal Ph.D (Horticulture) CROP IMROVEMENT AND RECENT ADVANCES IN SAPOTA PRESENTATION ON

2. INTRODUCTION Common name : Sapota ( Chiku , Sapodilla plum, Bully) Botanical name : Achars zapota / Manilkara achras Family : Sapotaceae Chromosome : 2n = 26 Origin : Mexico and Central America Edible part : Mesocarp Fruit type : Fleshy berry

3. Basic Information Commercial cultivation of sapota was first taken up in Maharashtra during 1898 in a village named Gholwad ( Cheema et al ., 1954). Propagation of sapota by inarching using Rayan as rootstock is most accepted and commercial method For uniform or rapid ripening Ethephon (1000 ppm ) can be utilized at 20 -25 C Central leader system of training is most common method in sapota Square system of planting is recommonded in sapota . It is a delicious fruit introduced from tropical America.

4. Important Uses Sapota when fully ripe is eaten as dessert fruit along with skin, as skin is more nutritive than pulp ( Gopalan et al ., 1981). Fruit is good source of digestible sugar (12-18%) The unripe fruit and bark yield white latex, which solidifies on exposure to air, and this forms the base material for making chickle (chewing gum) The ripe fruits are used for making mixed jams, jelly, sherbet and halwa . It is also used for manufacture of industrial glucose and pectin. Its wood is used for making agricultural implements, building construction, furniture etc. The bark of sapota is used as a tonic, astingent and antipyretic Its tender leaves are used as a vegetable.

5. Constituents Quantity Moisture 73.7% Carbohydrate 21.4% Protein 0.7% Fat 1.1% Calcium 28 mg/100g Phosphorus 27 mg/100g Iron 2 mg/100 g Ascorbic acid 6 mg/100 g Carotene 97 I.U. Nutritive value

6. India is one of the largest producers of sapota in the world. In India, Sapota covers 107.2 thousand hectares with annual production of 1284.6 thousand MT and productivity of 12.0 MT/ Ha ( Horticultural Statistics at a Glance 2017 ). In India, Karnataka is leading sapota producing state. Followed by Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andra Pradesh and West Bengal . Present Scenario

7. Crop Improvement and Recent Advances in Sapota

8. Breeding Objective:- Dwarf structure of tree Precocity in bearing High yield and good keeping quality Thick skinned, hard fleshed varieties with sandy or gritty texture are considered low in quality Synchronized flowering Thus, high quality fruit combined with high seedlessness and extended storage life are major breeding objectives Resistance to leaf spot diseases Salinity and drought tolerance Kallipatti produces higher yield and better quality fruits and uses as better parent in breeding programme

9. A center of diversity is an area that has a high degree of genetic variation for a particular species or genus of plants that can also be the center of origin for that species. Sapota is a native of Mexico and Central America. Sapota is grown on commercial basis in India, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Mexico and Venezuela. Centre of Diversity

10. Botany Sapota plants are ever green in nature The tree canopy has four kinds viz , erect growing habit, drooping branches habit, spreading branches with sweet fruits and spreading branches with inferior fruits Tree can grow up to 8 m high Fruit bearing is on new growth in axils of leaves Leaves are elliptic to obovate , flowers solitary in leaf axils Fruit is a drupe, egg shaped and round

11. It is wind pollinated crop Flower type : Protogyny Stigma grow out of the bud about 2 days before anthesis Anthesis time : 4 – 4.30 A.M. Anther dehisces between: 8.00 – 10.00 P.M. The stigma become receptive 2 days before opening and continues to be like that up to 12 hrs. after opening Peak receptivity between: 8.00 – 10.00 A.M. Flowering time : Tropical climate - July - Nov. and Feb - March : Sub tropical climate - Oct - Nov. and April – May Time taken fruit to maturity: N.I. = 10-12 months S.I. = 4-5 months Floral Biology

12. Morphology of Flower The flower (about 1 cm in diameter) are solitary and peduncles on short pedicels (1-2cm) and are carried in the leaf axils of terminal leaf clusters Calyx, consist of 6 sepals is arranged in 2 whorls of 3 sepals. Each slighted connected at the base. The outer sepals are brownish in color Flowers are protogynous . Corolla is consist of 6 pale white petals, which form a bell shaped tube

13. Staminate flower Pistilate flower Androecium consist of 12 stamen arranged in two whorls of 6 each (6 petaloid stamenoid and 6 stamens) on the rim of the corolla tube (epipetalous) The filaments of stamens are short and dorsified . Anther are small and pointed towards tip. Pistil is syncarpous and composed of 4-5 fused carpels . There is one anthrocarpous ovule in each locule , which is arranged in axial placentaion . The style is long green and stigma is capitate .

14. Flower of Sapota Anther stigma

15. Varieties Parent Institute CO-2 (1974) Baramasi TNAU, Coimbatore PKM-1 (1981) Guthi Periakulam PKM-4 (2003) Open pollinated seeds of PKM-1 Periakulam Selection PKM-5 (2007) Open pollinated from Virudhunagar Periakulam

16. CO-2 PKM-1 Selected varieties of sapota PKM-5

17. Hybridization Hybrid Parents Institute CO-1 (1972) Cricket Ball X Oval Coimbatore (TN) CO-3 (2000) Cricket Ball X Vavivalasa Coimbatore (TN) PKM-2 (1992) Guthi X Kirtibharti Periakulam (TN) PKM-3 (1994) Guthi X Cricket Ball Periakulam (TN) DSH-1 Kallipatti x Cricket Ball Dharwad DSH-2 Kallipatti x Cricket Ball Dharwad

18. CO-1 CO-3 PKM-2 PKM-3 Hybrid varieties of sapota

19. Distribution of Sapota Cultivar in India Variety Shape of fruit States Cricket ball Round AP, TN , KT, MH, and WB Banglora , Vavila - Valasa Oval Tamil Nadu Jonnavalasa Round Gujarat Kirthbharti Round AP and TN Pilipatti Oval Maharashtra, Gujarat Kalipatti , Chatri Oval MH, TN and KT Pala Oval TN and AP CO1 Oblong TN and AP CO2 Oblong Round TN and AP CO3 Oblong TN and AP PKM-1 Ellipitical -oblong TN and AP

20. Important Varieties of Sapota Varieties Characteristics CO1 Fruit weight 125 g, flesh is granular in texture and reddish brown in colour , TSS 18 B CO2 It is higher yielder, seeds are less in number and small sized (2-3) CO3 Fruit, very sweet with a TSS of 24.2, average yield of tree is 157 kg., suitable for HDP at the spacing of 5-6 m PKM1 Dwarf variety, high yielding, almost bearing throughtout the year PKM3 Suitable for HDP, fruit are bigger in size, fruit yield of tree is 14 tonnes per ha., have cluster bearing habit DSH1 Tree vigourous , bearing round to slightly oblong fruit with high yield, fruit is very sweet having a soft, granualr and mellowing flesh Chhatri It bears umbrella like whorl of branches. Fruit are similar to that of kallipatti but slightly less sweet Culcutta Round The folliage is light green, fruits are large but the flesh is gritty Cricket Ball It bears the largest size of fruits, pulp is gritty and granular and not very sweet, it is shy bearer Kallipatti It has dark green, broad and thick leaves and spreading branches Pala Fruit is small to medium sized with apex broadly pointed and very sweet

21. Future Thrust Resistance against biotic and abiotic stress Development of dwarf trait cultivars, good quality fruit and long storage life. Need to regularize flowering and fruit set in sapota for a uniform development of fruits and harvest at one time Use of biotechnical tools in breeding programme

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