Crop Production Technology-II Lentils.pptx

Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin

1. Crop Production Technology-II (Rabi Crop) Code- AG-401 Course Credit- 3(2+1) Submitted to- Dr. Ajeev Kr. Sangwan Submitted by- Nabanita Topic- Lentils

2. INTRODUCTION Lentil (Lens culinaris medikus spp . culinaris) also known as Musuro / Masur. The name “Lentil” derives from its typical lens-shaped seeds. Self- pollinating plant of family Leguminosae having chromosome 2n=14 Lentil(Lens culinaris) belonging to family Fabaceae. It is one of the world’s oldest crops have been cultivated in Southwestern Asia since 7000 BC. A rabi pulse crop growing extensively in temperate countries like Canada, USA, Turkey, Chile, etc. and tropical countries like India, Pakistan, Australia, Ethiopia, Nepal, etc. Lentil is a nutritious food legume. It is cultivated for its seed and mostly eaten as dal. Dal is seed that is decorticated and split. It contains relatively higher contents of protein, carbohydrate and calories compared to other legumes and is the most desired crop because of its high average protein content and fast cooking characteristics in many lentil producing regions.

3. Biological Distribution Order- Fabales Family- Fabaceae Chromosome no.- 14 Subfamily- Faboideae Genus- Lens Species- L. culinaris Common name- Masoor, Masur

4. ECNOMIC IMPORTANCE Lower cholesterol. Benefit in managing blood-sugar disorders Lentils magnesium helps improve the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Provide calcium, phosphorus, vitamin-B and iron. The husk, bran and dry haulms are good fodder. The young pod is used as vegetables. The leaves are acid and bitter. Seeds are sweet and cooling, astringent to bowel, diuretic, improves appetite, removes cough and biliousness. Dry seeds contain 24% protein and 59% carbohydrate.

5. Geographical Distribution Lens orientalis is the progenitor species. Egypt is its origin. The centre of origin for Lens culinaris is the Near East and the species was first domesticated in the Near East. Lentil first spread to the Nile from the Near East to Central Europe and then to the Indian subcontinent and Mediterranean region. Origin Area India accounts for about 40% of the global production. In India, Uttar Pradesh ranks first both in the area and production followed by MP. Productivity is highest in Bihar followed by West Bengal. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are the states where 95% of the acreage is concentrated.

6. SOIL AND CLIMATE Soil - The suitable soil types are alluvial in Punjab and black cotton soils in Madhya Pradesh. Well- drained, loam soils with soils with neutral reactions are best for lentil cultivation. Acidic soils are not fit for growing lentils. Lentils thrive best in soil that has a pH range between 6.0 and 6.5. Climate - As the crop requires very cool climate it is cultivated in winter season. It can tolerate severe winter frost condition also. The optimum temperature for growth is 18-30 C. Its range of cultivation extends to an altitude of 3500m in north-west hills. It requires cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the time of its maturity.

7. Varieties State Lentil Varieties Bihar Plant L 406, PL639, Mallika(K-75), NDL 2, WBL 58, HUL 57, WBL77, Arun(PL 777-12) M. P. & Chandigarh Malika(K-75), IPL-81(Nuri), JL-3,IPL-406, L-4076, IPL316, DPL 62(Sheri) Haryana Pant L-639, Pant L-4, DPL-15(Priya), Sapna, L-4147, DPL-62(Sheri), Pant L-406 Maharashtra JL 3, IPL 81(Nuri), Pant L 4 Punjab PL-639, LL-147, LH-84-8, L-4147, IPL-406, LL-931, PL7 Uttar Pradesh PL-639, Malika (K-75), NDL-2, DPL-62, IPL-81, IPL-316, L4076, HUL-57, DPL 15 Gujarat Malika(K-75), IPL-81(Nuri), JL-3,IPL-406, L-4076, IPL316, DPL 62(Sheri) Rajasthan IPL 406(Anguri), Pant L-8(PL-063),DPL-62(Sheri)

8. Field Preparation The soil should be made friable and weed- free so that seeding could be done at a uniform depth. On heavy soils, one deep ploughing followed by two to three cross harrowing's should be given. In case of light soils, less tillage is needed to prepare an ideal seedbed. After harrowing, the field should be levelled by given a gentle slope to ease irrigation. There should be proper moisture in the soil at the time of sowing for proper germination of seeds.

9. SEED AND SOWING OF LENTIL CROP Middle of October is the most suitable time for sowing lentil. Delay in planting causes a reduction in yield but the magnitude of reduction is large after 15 th Nov. The reduction in the yield could be minimized up to a certain extent by relatively closer spacing and the use of a higher seed rate. Sowing should be done in rows 30 cm apart. This could be done either by using a ferti-seed drill or by seeding behind desi plough. Sowing time- Seed Rate- The optimum seed rate for the normal sown crop is 30-40kg/ ha. Seed rate should be increased to 50-60kg/ha in case of late sowing . Spacing- Row spacing should also be reduced to 20-25cm in case of the late sown crop. Lentil seeds should be sown at a shallower depth(3-4cm).

10. Manures and fertilizers Generally, lentil is grown without fertilizers and manures. Researches have shown that lentil may not be able to attain maximum growth and yield if they are made to feed on symbiotically fixed nitrogen alone, even if effective nodulation is ensured by adequate inoculation, there may be a need for some quantity of fertilizer nitrogen to serve as a starter dose for a few weeks of the initial growth. It is even more important in poor and sandy soils. Quite significant responses to the application of start nitrogen(20-25kg/ha) and a moderate level of phosphorus(50-60kg/ha) has been obtained. If a soil test is not possible, apply 20-30 kg nitrogen, 50-60 kg phosphorus per hectare in medium to low fertile soils as basal dressing.

11. WATER MANAGEMENT The crop is mostly grown in unirrigated areas. It can tolerate drought conditions to some extent. By providing one to two irrigations particularly when winter rains are not properly distributed, higher yields can be obtained. First irrigation should be given at 45 days of planting and second, if needed, at the pod filling stage. More irrigations may affect crop performance adversely.

12. WEED CONTROL The period from 30 to 60 days after sowing is most crucial for competition with weeds. The major weeds are Chenopodium album (bathua), Fumaria parviflora (gajri), Lathyrus spp.(chatri matri), Vicia sativa (ankari), etc. A weed –free period of early 43 to 60 days is important. Thereafter, weeds do not survive since the space available between two rows is covered by the crop plants. Two manual weedings, one at 25-30days and another 45-50days after sowing should be done. Weedicides like Basalin and Tribunil can be used safely for weed control. Basalin 0.75kg/ha, in 800-1000 liters of water as pre- planting spray may be used as an effective herbicide. It should be well incorporated into the soil before sowing.

13. DISEASE MANAGEMENT Seedling Mortality Symptoms Caused by fungi. It appears within a month of sowing when the seedlings start drying up. The drying is mainly two types-1. seedling wilt in which seedling first turns yellow and dry up. 2. collar rot in which seedling collapse while still green and then dry out. Control It can be reduced by delay planting until mid- November Treat the seed with systemic fungicide [email protected]/kg of seed. Plant resistant varieties like Pant L-406 etc.

14. Wilt Symptoms A serious disease of lentil in which the growth of the plant is checked, the leaves start yellowing, plant start drying and finally die. The roots of affected plants remain underdeveloped and look light brown in colour. Control Keep the field clean and follow a three- year crop rotation. This will help reducing the disease incidence. Use tolerant and resistant varieties like Shekhar Masoor 2, 3, etc. Seed treatment

15. Rust Symptoms The disease symptoms start as yellowish pustules on the leaflets and pods. Later; light brown pustules appear on both the surfaces of the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant. The pustules finally become dark brown. The plants give dark brown or blackish appearance visible as patches in the field. Control After harvest, the affected plant trash should be burnt. In NEPZ, normal and early sowing reduces the intensity of rust disease. Grow resistant/ tolerant varieties like DPL 15, Haryana Masur 1, etc. Spray the crop with Mancozec 75 [email protected]%(2g/L) . 1-2 spray at 50 days after sowing is good for controlling rust.

16. PEST MANAGEMENT Symptom -1. The caterpillar defoliates the tender leaves and also bores the green pods and feeds upon the ripening grains. 2.Its damages almost all the pods in case of severs damage but causes nearly 25-30% annual yield losses in India. Control - 1. Spray neem seed extract(5%)@ 50ml/L of water. 2. Spray of Profenphos 50@ 2ml/L or Emammectin benzoate 5 SG@ 0.2g/L of water. Pod borer-

17. Aphids Symptom - Aphids suck the sap and in case of severe damage the growth is suppressed. Control - Spray of Dimethoate 30 [email protected] ml/L or Imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 0.2 ml/L of water.

18. HARVESTING AND THRESHING Lentil should be harvested when the pods are ripe but the plants have not dead rine. The plants should not be allowed to become dead ripe otherwise a large quantity of produce may be lost due to shattering. As such, it would be advantageous to harvest in the morning when dew is there. The produce should be allowed to dry completely on the threshing floor before threshing. Threshing is done either by beating the plants with sticks by trampling under the feet of bullocks. Clean the seed and dry it in the sun to bring the moisture content down to 12% for safe storage.

19. YIELD A well- managed crop yields about 20-25 quintals of grain per hectare. Seed yields range from 450-675 kg/ha in dry areas, may increase to 2000kg/ha with irrigation, and yields over 3000kg/ha have been recorded.