Crop protection and pest management and pesticides

Crop protection refers to the various practices and strategies employed to safeguard crops from pests, diseases, weeds, and other environmental factors that can negatively impact their growth and yield. The goal is to optimize crop health and ensure sustainable agricultural practices.

1. Crop Protection UWU/ANS/21/007 L.H.N.Haputhanthri 1

2. 2 What is crop protection? Crop Protection is the science and practice of managing invertebrate pests (snails, slugs, herbivorous insects, nematodes) and vertebrate pests (mice, rats, rabbits, deer, elephants) , plant diseases, weeds and other pest organisms that damage agricultural crops and forestry Agricultural crops include field crops (maize, wheat, rice, etc.), vegetable crops (potatoes, cabbages, etc.) and fruit and horticultural crops

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4. Types of pests 4 What is a pest? Any organism that causes harm or damage to crops, resulting in decreased yield, quality, or economic value Pests in agriculture can encompass a wide range of organisms, including; Insects (such as aphids, caterpillars) Pathogens (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses) Weeds Nematodes Vertebrate pests like rodents or birds

5. 5 Types of Pests

6. 6 1. Vertebrate Pests: Rodents: Mice, rats, and other rodents can damage crops by feeding on seeds, roots, and fruits They can also gnaw on stems and cause harm to stored agricultural products, leading to significant economic losses Birds: Some bird species, like pigeons, starlings, and blackbirds, can feed on crops such as grains, fruits, and newly planted seeds, causing substantial damage, especially in large flocks

7. 7 Rodents

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9. 9 2. Invertebrate Pests: Mites: These tiny arachnids can cause damage to crops by sucking plant juices and damaging plant tissues. Spider mites, for example, can damage leaves, reducing photosynthesis and affecting plant growth Snails and Slugs: These mollusks feed on plant seedlings and leaves, causing significant damage to various crops, particularly in moist conditions

10. 10 Mites

11. 11 Slugs

12. 12 3. Insect Pests Aphids: These sap-sucking insects can cause distortion, yellowing, and wilting of plants. They also transmit plant viruses Caterpillars: Larval stages of moths and butterflies, like armyworms or corn earworms, can consume leaves, fruits, and other plant parts, leading to reduced yields. Beetles: For instance, Colorado potato beetles feed on potato leaves, causing significant damage to potato crops.

13. 13 Aphids

14. 14 Caterpillars

15. 15 Beetles

16. 16 Insects Types of pests

17. 17 Insects

18. 18 4. Pathogens: Pathogens encompass various microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes that cause diseases in crops Fungal Diseases : Powdery mildew, blights, rusts, and molds can affect various crops like wheat, grapes, tomatoes, and potatoes Bacterial Diseases : Bacterial spot in tomatoes and fire blight in fruit trees are examples of bacterial infections impacting crops Viral Diseases : Tobacco mosaic virus and cucumber mosaic virus can infect a wide range of crops, causing stunted growth and reduced yields

19. 19 Viral diseases

20. 20 Fungal diseases

21. 21 Bacterial diseases

22. 22 5. Weeds: Weeds are unwanted plants that compete with cultivated crops for resources such as water, nutrients, and sunlight. They can reduce crop yields by outcompeting desired plants. Examples of weeds include: Common Ragweed: This weed competes with crops like soybeans and corn, reducing their yields. Palmer Amaranth: Known for its rapid growth, this weed can significantly reduce yields in various crops, including cotton and soybeans.

23. 23 Common Ragweed

24. Weeds 24 Types of pests

25. 25 6. Nematodes These are microscopic, worm-like organisms that can live in the soil and parasitize plant roots They cause damage by feeding on root tissues, leading to stunted growth, wilting, and reduced yields Root-knot nematodes and cyst nematodes are examples that affect a wide range of crops

26. 26 Root-knot nematodes

27. 27 Nematodes Types of pests

28. 28 What is management of pests? We are no longer using the word “control” , because it doesn’t have mean which population to be reduced In contract the word management give the idea of to which level that pest population to be reduced – that level is economic injury level

29. 29 The lowest number of pest that causes an economic damage to the crop Economic injury level

30. 30 Economic Injury Level (EIL): This represents the pest population density at which the economic losses caused by the pest equal the cost of controlling it . Beyond the EIL, the damage caused by the pest is significant enough to justify the cost of implementing control measures. It's the threshold where the damage caused by the pest outweighs the cost of intervention.

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32. 32 Economic threshold level The number of pest at which any management action is taken before reaching the economic injury level

33. 33 Economic Threshold Level (ETL): This is the pest population density at which action should be taken to prevent an increasing population from reaching the Economic Injury Level (EIL). The ETL is the point where the cost of controlling the pest is justified by the economic losses prevented. It's the population density at which the cost of controlling the pest is less than the cost of the damage caused by the pest if left uncontrolled. Below the ETL, taking action might not be economically justified.

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35. 35 Goals of pest management

36. 1. Chemical management 2. Physical management 3. Mechanical management 4. Cultural management 5. Host plant resistance 6. Regulatory management 7. Biological management 36 Pests management methods

37. 37 1. Chemical management Managing the pest population with applications of pesticides Insecticide Weedicides Fungicides Nematocides Acaricides

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41. 41 If you take any pesticides that include 2 main constituents Active ingredient Ingredient that us influence to killing the pests 2. Adjuvant ingredient To improve the formulation

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43. 43 Active Ingredient : Purpose: The active ingredient is the primary component responsible for the pesticidal activity of the formulation. It directly targets and controls the pest, whether it's insects, weeds, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms causing harm to crops or the environment. How it's Used: The active ingredient determines the type of pest the pesticide will control. Different active ingredients have specific modes of action and target particular pests. They are formulated into different types such as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, etc. The concentration and formulation of the active ingredient determine the effectiveness and selectivity of the pesticide.

44. 44 Adjuvant Ingredient: Purpose: Adjuvants are additional components in pesticide formulations that enhance the performance, efficacy, or application characteristics of the active ingredient. Types and Purposes of Adjuvants: Surfactants: They reduce surface tension, allowing the pesticide to spread and cover plant surfaces evenly. This enhances the pesticide's adherence and absorption by the pests. Emulsifiers: These help mix oil-based pesticides with water, improving their solubility and stability for application. Stickers/Adhesives: They improve the retention of the pesticide on plant surfaces, preventing wash-off and ensuring prolonged effectiveness. Penetrants: Assist in penetrating the protective barriers of plants or pests, aiding the active ingredient's entry into their systems.

45. 45 Common examples for formulations According to Physical A ppearances Emulsifiable concentrates Granules Suspension concentrates Dusts Aerosols Vapour https://www.slideshare.net/SubhomaySinha1/pesticide-formulation

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58. 58 Active ingredient 1. In insect diseases Methoxyfenozide Spinosad Tebufenozide Etofenprox Chlorpyrifos Carbofuran Carbosulfan https://chat.openai.com/c/54817cca-3647-42d0-a690-b36f94c3a6c0

59. 59 2. Weedicides MCPA 2,4 – D Glyphosate Paraquat

60. 60 3. Fungicide s Captan Thiran Hexaconzole Tebuconozole

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65. 65 Using physical barriers or methods to prevent pests from damaging crops Types: Insect Netting: Placing mesh screens or nets to physically block insect pests. Row Covers: Protective covers placed over crops to prevent insect access. Traps: Devices to physically capture or limit the movement of pests, e.g., pheromone traps. 2. Physical management

66. 66 Insect Netting

67. 67 Row Covers

68. 68 Traps

69. 69 Traps

70. 70 3. Mechanical management Employing machinery or physical labor to control pests or remove them from the crop environment. Types: Hand Picking: Physically removing pests from plants by hand. Tillage: Disrupting soil to destroy pests or remove weeds. Mowing: Cutting down weeds or managing vegetation.

71. 71 Hand Picking

72. 72 Tillage

73. 73 Mowing

74. 74 4. Host Plant Resistance Using plant varieties with inherent traits or mechanisms to resist pests or diseases. Types: Genetic Resistance: Breeding plants with natural resistance genes against specific pests. Induced Resistance: Stimulating plants' defense mechanisms through treatments. Transgenic Crops: Genetic modification to express resistance traits.

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76. 76 5. Biological Management Using natural enemies or organisms to control pests. Types: Predators: Releasing predators to control pest populations, e.g., ladybugs for aphids. Parasitoids: Introducing parasites that attack and control pests, e.g., parasitic wasps. Microbial Control: Applying microorganisms like Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to target pests. https://www.slideshare.net/ganeshhs1/import-and-export-of-natural-enemies-of-agricultural-pest

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84. 84 Microbial Control by fungi

85. 85 Microbial Control by fungi

86. 86 Applying regulations, laws, or policies to prevent pest spread or introduction. Types: Quarantine Measures: Isolating infested areas to prevent pest spread. Import/Export Regulations: Controlling plant movement to prevent pest introduction. Phytosanitary Certificates: Certifying plants meet health standards before transportation. 6. Regulatory Management

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