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1. PRINCIPLES OF CROP PRODUCTION
ABT-320
(3 CREDIT HOURS))
LECTURE 1
LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
AGRICULTURE,
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE,
CROP PRODUCTION,
ART, SCIENCE AND BUSINESS,
FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION

2. LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
LECTURE 1: AGRICULTURE, IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE, CROP PRODUCTION
ART, SCIENCE AND BUSINESS, FACTORS AFFECTING CROP PRODUCTION
LECTURE 2: CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON THEIR UTILITY AND SEASONS OF
GROWING, MAJOR AND PRINCIPAL CROPS OF THE COUNTRY, INTRODUCTION TO
MAJOR FRUITS, VEGETABLES AND FLOWER CROPS OF COUNTRY
LECTURE 3: CROP ROTATION, PRINCIPLES OF CROP ROTATION, ADVANTAGES OF
CROP ROTATION AND ROTATIONAL INTENSITY
LECTURE4:CROPPINGSCHEMEANDPRINCIPLESOFCROPPINGSCHEME,
CROPPINGINTENSITY,SYSTEMSOFCROPPINGVIZ.MIXEDCROPPINGAND
INTENSIVECROPPING,PRINCIPLESOFMIXEDCROPPINGANDITSADVANTAGES

3. LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
LECTURE5:PRE-REQUISITIESOFINTENSIVECROPPINGANDMETHODSOF
INTENSIVECROPPINGVIZ.MULTIPLEANDINTERCROPPING,CROP
DIVERSIFICATION
LECTURE6:TILLAGE,DEFINITION,FUNCTIONANDIMPORTANCEOFTILLAGE,
TYPESANDMETHODSOFTILLAGE
LECTURE7:EFFECTSOFTILLAGEONTHESOILCHARACTERISTICSANDNUTRIENT
AVAILABILITYINSOIL,SELECTIONOFTILLAGEMETHODS
LECTURE8:CHARACTERISTICSOFGOODSEED,TYPESOFSEEDSVIZBREEDER’S,
NUCLEUSANDFOUNDATIONANDCERTIFIEDSEEDS
LECTURE9:SEEDTREATMENT,FACTORSAFFECTINGSEEDGERMINATION,
DIFFERENTMETHODSOFSEEDPLACEMENTINTHESOILANDSELECTION
CRITERIAMETHODS,TIMEOFSOWING

4. LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
LECTURE10:IMPORTANCEOFWATERFORPLANTS,NECESSITYOFWATER
APPLICATION,CRITICALGROWTHSTAGESOFWATERAPPLICATION
LECTURE11:SOURCESOFIRRIGATIONWATER,METHODSOFIRRIGATION,
FACTORSAFFECTINGSELECTIONOFMETHODVIZCROP,SOIL,SOURCEOF
WATER
LECTURE12:IMPORTANCEOFINTERCULTURALOPERATIONSINCROP
PRODUCTION,INTRODUCTIONWITHTHEMETHODS,TOOLSANDEQUIPMENT
REQUIREDFORINTERCULTURE,WEED,ITSCHARACTERISTICS,CLASSIFICATION,
USEFULANDHARMFULEFFECTS
LECTURE13:MEDIUMOFWEEDSEEDDISPERSAL,METHODSOFWEEDCONTROL
VIZ.MECHANICAL,BIOLOGICAL,AGRONMICAL(CROPCOMPETITIONAND
ROTATION),FIRINGANDCHEMICAL

5. LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
LECTURE14:PLANTNUTRIENTELEMENTS,THEIRCLASSIFICATIOVIZ.MACRO,
SECONDARYANDMICROANDTHEIRIMPORTANCE
LECTURE15:SOILFERTILITY,TYPESOFFERTILIZERSANDMANNERSUSEDTO
MAINTAINSOILFERTILITY,METHODSOFAPPLICATION,TIPSFORSAFESTORAGE
ANDBETTERHANDLINGOFFERTILIZERS,AMOUNTANDTIME/STAGESOF
FERTILIZERAPPLICATION,ORGANICFERILIZERSANDTHEIRADVANTAGE
LECTURE16:ECOFRIENDLYPESTMANAGEMENTPRACTICESANDTHECHEMICALS
USEDFORCONTROLOFDISEASES,BIO-PESTICIDES
LECTURE17:VARIOUSMETHODSOFHARVESTINGOFDIFFERENTCROPS,
FACTORSOFHARVESTINGVIZ.TIMEOFMATURITY,MOISTURECONTENTS,
CLIMATEFACTORSETC.

6. LECTURE-WISE COURSE BREAKUP
LECTURE18:PRACTICES/CULTIVATIONDETAILS/IMPORTANTMODERN
TECHNIQUESFORRAISINGMAIZE
LECTURE19:PRACTICES/CULTIVATIONDETAILS/IMPORTANTMODERN
TECHNIQUESFORRAISINGMUSTARD
LECTURE20:PRACTICES/CULTIVATIONDETAILS/IMPORTANTMODERN
TECHNIQUESFORRAISINGCOTTON
LECTURE21:PRACTICES/CULTIVATIONDETAILS/IMPORTANTMODERN
TECHNIQUESFORRAISINGSUGARCANE
LECTURE22-24:PRACTICES/CULTIVATIONDETAILS/IMPORTANTMODERN
TECHNIQUESFORRAISINGWHEAT

7. EXAMINATION
SESSIONAL-1:AFTER08LECTURES(15MARKS)
SESSIONAL-2:AFTERNEXT08LECTURES(15MARKS)
QUIZ-1:AFTER4LECTURES(20Blanks)
QUIZ-2:AFTER8LECTURES(20Blanks)
QUIZ-3:AFTER12LECTURES(20Blanks)
QUIZ-4:AFTER16LECTURES(20Blanks)
QUIZ-5:AFTER20LECTURES(20Blanks)
QUIZ-6:AFTER24LECTURES(20Blanks)
FINALEXAM:LECTURES17-24(50MARKS)
ASSIGNMENT:REVIEWPAPERASPERTOPIC

8. BOOKS & REFERENCE MATERIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGYFORAGRICULTURALBREEDINGby
S.K.MANGAL
AGRICULTURALBIOTECHNOLOGYby
HEMANTRAWAT
BIOTECHNOLOGYANDFOODSECURITYby
SUJATAK.DAS
MOLECULARMARKERSANDPLANTBIOTECHNOLOGYby
RUKAMS.TOMAR,MANOJV.PARAKHIA,SUNILV.PATEL,B.A.
GOLAKIYA

9. BOOKS & REFERENCE MATERIAL
BIOTECHNOLOGYINPLANTIMPROVEMENTby
P.C.TRIVEDI
AGRICULTURE,FOODSECURITY,ANDRURALDEVELOPMENT
ASIANDEVELOPMENTBANK,OXFORD
AGRICULTURALBIOTECHNOLOGYby
S.S.PUROHIT

10. AGRICULTURE
the science, art, or occupation concerned with cultivating land, raising
crops, and feeding, breeding, and raising livestock.

11. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
•Peopledependonawiderangeofagriculturalproductsinalmostall
aspectsoflife,e.g,
•nutritionisakeydeterminantofhumanhealth
•providerofenergy-fuel-woodandmedicinalplants
•Fiber
•Agricultureiskeytoahealthybiosphere.
•Agricultureisakeyeconomicdriver.Itiscentralto:
•Individuallivelihoods
•Povertyalleviation
•Nation’seconomicgrowth,e.g.,agriculturecontributes
between40and60%oftheGDPofmanyAfricancountries.

12. CROP PRODUCTION; ART, SCIENCE
AND BUSINESS
CropProductionistheartandscienceofthegeneticimprovementof
cropstoproducenewvarietieswithincreasedproductivityand
quality.
Theadvancedgeneticandmoleculartechniqueshaveresultedinnew
varietiesofcropplants,medicinalplantsandornamentals.

13. MAJOR CROP RESEARCH CENTERS
•TheConsultativeGroupforInternationalAgriculturalResearch(CGIAR),an
organizationestablishedunderFAO,co-ordinatesagriculturalresearchonaglobal
basis.UnderCGIAR,thefollowinginternationalresearchinstitutesarefunctioning
presently:
•IRRI-InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,Manila,ThePhilippines.
•CIMMYT-InternationalWheatandMaizeImprovementCenter,Elbaton,Mexico.
•ICRISAT-InternationalCropResearchInstituteforSemi-AridTropics,Hyderabad,
India
•IITA-InternationalInstituteforTropicalAgriculture,Ibadan,Nigeria
•CIAT-InternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture,Palmira,Colombia
•CIP-InternationalPotatoCenter,Lima,Peru
•WARDA-WestAfricanRiceDevelopmentResearchStation,Monrovia,Liberia
•BIODIVERSITYINTERNATIONAL-BiodiversityInternational,Rome,Italy
•ICARDA-InternationalCenterforAgriculturalResearchinDryAreas,Lebanon,
Syria.

14. METHODS OF PLANT BREEDING
1. DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS
Innature,theoriginofplantstookplaceinthewild
conditions.Duringthecourseofevolutionofagricultural
practices,manbegantogrowsomeplantsunderhiscontrol.
Thisprocessofbringingwildplantsundercultivationis
calledplantdomestication.

15. 2. INTRODUCTION OF PLANTS
Introductionofplantsfromothercontinents,countries,
geographicalregionsetctonewareasofcultivationisan
importantprocessinplantbreeding.Theprocessof
introducingnewplantsfromtheplaceofitsoriginor
cultivationtoaplacewithdifferentclimaticconditionsis
calledplantintroduction.

16. 3. ACCLIMATIZATION
Thephysiologicaladaptationofplantstoclimaticor
environmentalchangessuchaslight,soil,temperatureor
altitudeisknownasacclimatization.

17. 4. SELECTION OF PLANTS
Plants,bothdomesticatedaswellasintroduced,show
considerabledegreesofvariationswithrespecttodifferent
characters.Someoftheseplantsaresuperiorwhereasthe
othersareinferiorinperformance.Theprocessofselection
ofsuperiorplantsisanimportantmethodforthe
improvementofcultivatedplants,whichleadtothe
developmentofnewvarietieswithmoreadvantageousand
superiorcharacters.

18. 5. PLANT HYBRIDIZATION
Domestication,introduction,acclimatizationandselectionof
plantshelptolocatethemostpromisingcultivarsfromthe
availablediversity.Butsuperiorandeconomicallyimportant
charactersarescatteredindifferentcultivars.Hybridization
isthetechniqueofbringingsuperiorcharactersintoasingle
varietybywayofcross-pollinatingthemartificially.

19. 6. MUTATION BREEDING
Desirablecharactersthatarescatteredindifferentvarieties
canbebroughttogetherbyhybridization.But,sometimes,
inductionofnewvariability(newcharactersandcharacter
forms)maybecomenecessarysincenocultivarswithsuch
traitsareavailable.Themostcommonmethodusedto
inducenewvariationismutationbreedingforwhichseeds
orpropagulesofplantsaretreatedwithsomechemicalsor
physicalagentsthatarecalledmutagens.

20. 7. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING
Usually,plantsandanimalscarrychromosomesinpairsin
theirsomaticcells.But,insomecases,morethantwosets
(multiplesets)ofchromosomes(threesets,foursets,etc)
canbeseen.Suchorganismsarecalledpolyploidsandthe
conditioniscalledpolyploidy.Inthecaseofsomecultivated
plants,polyploidsshowsuperiorityincharacters.Breeding
ofsuchcultivatedplantsiscalledpolyploidybreeding.

21. 8. BIOTECHNOLOGICAL BREEDING
Biotechnologyisthelatestbranchofbiologythatmakesuse
ofenzymesastoolstoaccelerateormanipulatebiochemical
pathwayssoastogeneratenewgoodsandservicesbased
onlifeandbiomolecules.invitroculturetechnology,marker
assistedselection,somatichybridization,transgenesisetc
arethemajortoolsofbiotechnologyusedinplantbreeding.

22. THE END