CSN221_Lec_4.pdf Computer Organization & Architecture
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Jun 25, 2024
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About This Presentation
Computer Organization, CPU Structure and Functions
(Lecture - 4
Size: 3.85 MB
Language: en
Added: Jun 25, 2024
Slides: 8 pages
Slide Content
Course Website: http://faculty.iitr.ac.in/~sudiproy.fcs/csn221_2015.html
Piazza Site: https://piazza.com/iitr.ac.in/fall2015/csn221
Dr. SudipRoy
CSN‐221: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
AND MICROPROCESSORS
Computer Organization, CPU Structure and Functions
(Lecture -4)
What does a processor work? •The CPU must be designed to accommodate the instructions and data to be
processed Dr. Sudip Roy2
System Bus
System Bus
Control Bus
Data Bus
Address Bus
I/O 1
CPU
RAM
I/O 2
ALU CU
Regs
PC PSW
IR
Internal
CPU Bus
I/O n
Main
Memory
(RAM)
CPU Structure and Functions: •What CPU does?
1. Fetch instructions
2. Interpret (decode) instructions
3. Fetch data
4. Process data
5. Write data Dr. Sudip Roy3
CPU Internal Structure (Processor Organization): Dr. Sudip Roy4
Internal Registers: •Working space (temporary storage) of processor
•Called registers
•Number and function vary between processor designs
•One of the major design decisions
•Top level of memory hierarchy
•The registers in the CPU perform two roles:
User‐visible registers: assembly‐language programmer can minimize the
main memory referencing by optimizing the use
of registers
Control and status registers: Used by the control unit to control the operation
of the CPU
Dr. Sudip Roy5
Internal Registers: •User‐visible registers:
1. General Purpose registers: (between 8 –32 in number) FP register, stack
operation register
2. Data registers: Only to hold data, Often possible to combine two data registers
(e.g., double int a; long int a;)
3. Address registers: To hold address, like Segment Register, Stack Pointer
4. Condition Codes: Holds flag values of the result, like +ve, ‐ve,
zero or overflow
Dr. Sudip Roy6
Internal Registers: •Control and Status registers:
1. Program Counter (PC): Contains address of an instruction to be fetched
2. Instruction Register (IR): Contains the instruction most recently fetched
3. Memory Address Register (MAR): Contains the address of a location in memory
4. Memory Buffer Register (MBR): Contains the data to be written to the memory or data
most
recently read
•Program Status Word (PSW): A set of bits, Includes Condition Codes, Common fields are:
•Sign: A sign bit of the last arithmetic operation
•Zero: A bit set when the result is zero
•Carry: Set if an operation resulted in a carry (addition) or a borrow (subtraction) out of a high‐
order bit
•Equal: Set if a logical compare result is equality
•Overflow: To indicate
arithmetic overflow
•Interrupt enable/disable: To enable/disable interrupt
•Supervisor: To indicate whether the CPU is executing in supervisor or user mode
Dr. Sudip Roy7
Datapathand Control: •Datapath:
•Memory, registers, adders, ALU, and communication buses
•Each step (fetch, decode, execute, save result) requires communication (data
transfer) paths between memory, registers and ALU
•Control:
•Datapathfor each step is set up by control signals that set up dataflow
directions on communication buses and select ALU and memory functions
•Control
signals are generated by a control unit consisting of one or more
finite‐state machines
Dr. Sudip Roy8