Cultivation of Bittergourd in Nepal.pptx

presentation about bitter gourd

1. a] df }; dL tLt ]s/] nf pTkfbg k|ljlw

2. a] df }; dL tLt ]s/] nf pTkfbg k|ljlw kl / roM tLt ]s/] nf tLtf ] : jfb x'g ] nx /] t/ sf /L afnL xf ] . tLt ]s/] nf ;] jg ugf {n] pRr / Qmrfk / lrgL /f]u sd ub {5 . To;sf /0f cfhef ] ln o;sf ] k|of ]u a9L x'g yfn ] sf ] 5 . o;sf ] v] tL udL { df }; ddf / aiff {t\ df dWokxf8 tyf t/ fO { df x'g ] ub {5 . cfhef ] ln pggt ty a0f{ z+s / hft / k|ljlwsf ] ljsf;n ] cuf }6] / a] df }; ddf klg pTkfbg x'g yfn ] sf ] 5 . g] kfnsf ] xfjfkfgL cg';f / laz ]if v] tL x'g ; Sg ] : yfgsf ] 5gf]6 u/L ; fne / s/] nf pTkfbg u/]/ ahf /pknAw u/ fpg ;lsG5 .

3. k|of ] uM s/] nfnfO { uf ] nf ] kftnf ] sf6]/ t] ndf tf /]/ vfg ] ul /G5 . o;f ] ugf {n] o;sf ] tLtf ] kgf x6]/ hfG5 . tf /]kl5 g"g , d;nf , uf ]ne]+8f sf6]/ ksfO { vfg ] ul /G5 . o;nfO { @–# ldg ]6 tftf ] kfgLdf akmfO { g"g df ]n] df klg tLtf ] kgf sd x'g5 . tLt ]s/] nf c? t/ sf /L ;+u ld;fP / cldNofP / /fv]kl5 crf / sf ] ? kdf vfg ] ul /G5 . cGo t/ sf /L;+u 6'qmf kf /L ld;fO { ksfP / vfg ] ul /G5 .

4. xfjfkfgLM tLt ]s/] nf udL { df }; ddf / fd|f ] km:6fpF5 . t'iff /f] vKg g;Sg ] x'G5 . tfkqmd @%–#) l8u|L ;]= pko'Qm x'G5 . !) l8u|L eGbf tnsf ] tfkqmddf km"n gnfUg ] / af ]6 cf ]O{ lng ] x'G5 eg ] #% l8u|L eGbf a9L eP l;rfO { ug '{ h?/L x'G5 . aiff { tsf ] ; dodf o;sf ] v] tL ePklg hdLgdf kfgL ghDg ] x'g'kb {5 .

5. hftx ?, kfSg ] lbg / aLp b/ hftx ? kfSg ] lbg aLpb /÷/f] kgL xl/of] s/] nf ()–!)) !)) u|| fd sf ]oDa6'/ n+u !!)–!@) !)) u|fd lqmk / ^) !)) u|fd  

6. nufpg ] ; doM kxf8df -%))–*)) ld6/_ – Knfli6s ;'? Ëdf d+;L/ sf ] bf];|f] xKtfdf aLp Knfli6s y} nf of hdLgdf nufPdf r}q t];|f] xKtfb ] lv afnL tof / xg ] ub {5 . t/ fO {÷ leqL dw ] zdf -#))–%)) dL =_ – Knfli6ssf] ;'? Ëdf d+;L/ bf];|f] xKtfdf aLp nufPdf kmfu'g dlxgfdf afnL tof / x'g ] ub {5 .

7. nufpg ] b'/LM hft nfO {gaf6 nfO {g af ]6af6 af ]6 xl/of] s/] nf !%) ;]= dL = !)) ;]= dL sf ]oDa6'/ n+u !%) ;]= dL = !)) ;]= dL lqmk / !%) ;]= dL = !)) ;]= dL

8. g;{/L M g;{/L Jof8sf] rf }8fO{ ! dL = / nDafO { cfjZostf cg';f / agfpg ;lsg5 . g;{/ Ldf /f]u ls / fsf ] k|sf ]k ePsf ] 7fpFdf df6f] df a:g] ls / fsf ] nflu ˆo'/f8g / /f] usf ] nflu #))–$)) u] hsf ] Knfli6s l;6sf] k|of ]u u /L ;f] nf / fO {h];g ljlwåf /f # xKtf;Dd df6f] pkrf / ug {'k5{ . ; fy } g;{/ Lsf ] df6f] nfO { !–@ k6s vghf ]t ul /;s]kl5 kmdf { lng emf ]n !) Pd= Pn = k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO { g;{/L If] qdf k|ltau {dL6/ @ ln6/ emf ]n vgfO { $*–&@ 306f ; Dd Knfli6s l;6n] xfjf gl5g]{ u/L rf /} lt / 9flslbg] . olb aLp÷a ] gf { rfF8f] nufpg ' k/] sf ] v08df k|ltau {dL6/ !)) u|fd SofK6fg gfds /f] ugfzs w'nf ] ljifflb tof /L g;{/L Jof8df k|of ]u u /L &–!) ;]= dL = ulx /f]; Dd df6f] rnfO { lbgfn ] klg df6f]af6 nfUg ] a] gf { s'lxg ] /]uaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 .

9. qm =d=; anf }6] df6f] df kfs ] sf ] uf ]j/ dn cfwf cfwf a/ fa / ld;fpg ], o;f ] ug {' kbf { !M!M! sf b/n] dn , df6f], afn'jf ld;fpg ] . df6f] / dndf 9'+uf, emf / kft cflb eP x6fpg] . df6f], dnsf ] 8Nnf / fd|f ];+u km'6fO{ ld;fpg ] / hdLg tof / ug {] . Knfli6s y} nf ] df a] gf { pTkfbg ug { $Æ*^Æ / %Æ & Æ - nDafO {, prfO { / prfO {_ ; fO { hsf ] y} nf ] v/Lb u/L $ – * j6f Kjfnx ? kfgLsf ] lgsf;sf ] nflu agfpg ] . kf ] lnJofudf dn / df6f] sf ] ld>0f eg {] . aLpnfO { /f]Kg' cl3 a]leli6g @ u|fd k|lt lsnf ] u|fdsf b/n] ld;fO { pkrf / ug {'k5{ .

10. qm =d=; k|To ]s y} nf ] df @,@ j6fsf b/n] s/] nfsf ] aLp /f]Kg], aLp /f] Kbf s/ Lj @ ;]= dL = ulx /f] kf /]/ /f]Kg] . aLp nufO { ;s]kl5 df6f] / fd |/L leHg ] u/L l;rfO { ug {] . Knfli6s y} nf ] /fv] sf ] 7fpFdf Knfli6s u'Daf ]h agfpg ] . u'Daf ]h agfpFbf af +; sf ] 6'qmf lr /f kf /]/ k|of ]u ug { ;lsG5 . cfhef ] ln @ nfO { gsf ] kmnfd ] 58 k|of ]u ug {] k|rng klg cfPsf ] 5 . Knfli6s u'Daf ]h agfPkl5 Knfli6sn] 5f] Psf ] hdLgdf aflx /af6 df6f]n] k'l / lbg ] . o;af6 u'Daf ]h leq lr;f ] xfjf l5g{ kfp+b }g / leq tfkqmd a9\g uO { aLp l56f] pd|G5 . olb Knfli6s leq lr;f ] xfjf k;] sf ] 5 eg ] aLp l9nf] pd|G5 . Knfli6s $)) u] hsf ] k|of ]u eP leq / aflx / % l8u|L ;]= ; Dd tfkqmd km/s x'G5 . To;}n] hf8f] df klg la?jf pdfg { ;lsG5 . Knfli6s u'Daf ] hdf /f]k] sf ] aLp lxp+bdf !%–@) lbgdf pd|g z'? x'G5 .

11. qm =d=; pd|] sf ] a] gf { x?df l;rfO { u/L km]l/ Knfli6sn] 9fs]/ ;'/ lIft / fVg ] . o;f ] ubf { kf }if / df3sf] bf];|f] xKtf;Dd lr;f ]af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . oxL aLrdf la?jfx ? a[l4 x'b } u5{g\ . s'g } s'g } af ]6df km"nx ? klg km'Ng yfN5 . oL af ]6x? #–$ j6f kft ePkl5 ; fg { ;lsG5 . o:tf af ]6x? kf }if, df3df ; fg {] xf ] eg ] Knfli6ssf] u'Daf ]h agfP / dfq ; fg {'k5{ . cGoyf a] gf { d5{ .

12. hdLgsf ] tof /L M hdLg tof /L ubf { / fd|f ];+u @–# k6s / fd|f ];+u vghf ]t ug {] / df6f] sf ] 8Nnfx? km'6fO{ a'a {'/ fpFbf ] agfpg ] . kfs ] sf ] uf ]j/ jf sDkf ]i6 dn !)))–!%)) s]= hL = / gf =km= kf ]= % M $ M @ sf b/n] k|of ]u ug {] . dn /fv]kl5 vGg ], o;f ] ubf { df6f] df dn / fd |/L ldl;g ] x'G5 . To;/L Ps k6s km]l/ s'6f]n] 8\ ofË agfpg ] / xftsf ] ; xfotfn ]] 8\ ofË ; Dd kfg {] . hdLgdf a] gf { nufpg tof / x'G5 . olb a] gf {x? 8\ ofË gagfO { vf8ndf nufpg ] xf ] eg ] k|To ]s vf8ndf s/ Lj % s]= hL = kfs ] sf ] uf ]a/ dn / flv dn / df6f] ld;fpg ] .  

13. a] gf { ; fg {] M a] gf { ; fg {] M afnL / hft cg''';f / lglZrt b'/L sfod u/L a] gf { nufpg ] : yfgsf ] df6f] lemsL ;–; fgf vf8n agfpg ] . tof /L a] gf {x? kf ]lnAofufaf6 lgsfNg ] . a] gf { lgsfNbf y} nfsf ] Ps 5]paf6 rSs'n ] sf6\g] / df6f] sf ] 8Nnf] ;d]t gkm'6fO{ vf8ndf nufpg ] . a] gf { sf ] jl /k/L df6f]n] 5f]Kg] / xftn ] lj:tf /} lyRg ] . a] gf { nufPsf ] : yfgdf jl /k/L 5fkf] lbg ] . df6f] df lr:ofg sfod ug { l;+ rfO { ug {] . ; Dej eP k|To ]s af ]6df @)–@% ;]= dL = nfdf ] lsnfx ? la?jfnfO { l;wf kfg { yfFqmf ] lbg ] . a] gf { x?nfO { Knfli6ssf] ; xfotfn ] u'Daf ]h agfO { lr;f ]af6 arfO { / fVg ] . Knfli6s 3/ leq aLpnfO { ; Lw } /f]Kg klg ;lsG5 .  

14. uf ]8d]n / yk dn M df };d cg';f / s/La @)–@% lbgdf emf / kftx ? x6fpg] / yfFqmf lbg ] . r'Rr ] s'6f] sf ] ; xfotf lnO { af ]6sf] jl /k/L uf ]8d]n ug {], df6f] r9fpg] . gfO {6«f]hg / km:kmf ]/; @ s]= hL = k|lt /f] kgLsf b/n] a] gf { ;f/] sf ] #)–$% lbgdf / ^)–&% lbgdf km]l/ pQm kl /df0fdf / fVg ] . ;"Id tTjx?sf ] sdLsf nIf0f b] vfk /] dN6LKn]S; ! ln6/ k|lt /f] kgLsf b/n] k|of ]u ug {] . df6f] df lr:ofg sfod / fVg xhf /L jf yf ] kf l;+ rfO { k|ljlwaf6 kfgL lbg ] .  

15. afnL ;+/If0f M /f]u tyf ls /f nfu ] df lgDg 3/]n' pkfox ? cgkfpg ] . olb sL6gfzs laifflb k|of ]u ug {'kg{] cj:yf cfPdf dflg;sf ] : jf:YonfO { xfgL gx'g ] dfq k|of ]u ug {] . kftdf ls / fx ? b] vfk /] xftn ] l6k]/ gi6 ug {] . /f]u nfu ] sf kft eP l6k]/ x6fpg] . v/ fgL , gLdsf ] kftsf ] emf ]n 5s{g] . PsLs [t afnL zq'hLj Joj:yfkg tl / sf ckgfpg ] .  

16. != ls / fx ? M -s_ kmn s'xfpg ] cf }+: ff÷lem+uf M dfnfyfog emf ]n !–@ Pd= Pn = / lrgL ÷;Vv/ @–# u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO { 5s{g] . So'lno / km]/f]d]g 6«ofk k|of ]u ug {] . lgdhGo laifflb # Pd= Pn = k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO { 5g{] .   -v_ / ftf ] vk6] M dfnfyfog @ Pd= Pn = k|ltln6/ df ld;fO { 5g{] jf lgddf cfwfl /t sL6gfzs laifflb 5g{] jf ; ef ]{ t]n !) Pd= Pn = k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP / 5g{] .  

17. afnL l6kfO{ M kmn l6Kbf kmn sf6\g] s}+ rL jf rSs ' k|of ]u u /L e]6\g' ;d]t l6Kg'k5{ . xftn ] a6f/]/ klg l6Kg ;lsG5 . kmn l6Kbf rf ]6k6s nufpg ' x'b }g .

18. pTkfbg M xfjfkfgL / hft cg';f / tLt ]s/] nfsf ] pTkfbg 36L jf a9L x'g;S5 . tn s] xL hftx?sf ] cg'dflgt pTkfbg pNn ]v ul / Psf ] 5 . hft pTkfbg xl/of] s/] nf !))) – !@)) s]= hL = sf ]oDa6'/ n+u *)) – !))) s]= hL = lqmk / #)) – %)) s]= hL =