Cultivation of sugarcane.........

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1. RAWE SESSION- 2018-19 Subject:- AGR-411,4(0+4) SPEAKER : MANJEET SINGH ID No.- 15324 B.Sc.(Ag.)4 th year GUIDED BY: Mr. PRAMOD LAWATE (Asst. Prof.) INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Presentation on :- Cultivation of Sugarcane 1

2. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION Kingdom: - Plantae Class: - Magnoliopsida Order: - Poales Family :- Poaceae Genus: - Saccharum Species: - officinarum sines barberi 2

3. Introduction Main s ource of sugar in Asia M ajor crop/cash crop. B elongs to grassy family P roduct/byproduct like sugar, jaggery, molasses, bagasses, ethanol etc. M ainly grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of world Origin India & Papua New Guinea Importanc e In agriculture sector, shared is about 7% of the total value of agriculture out put Green top of cane are a good source of fodder of cattle One of the main crop earning foreign exchange Used for chewing and extraction of juice for beverage Main source of sugar in I ndia 3

4. Classification Cultivated sugarcane is classified into three specie. Saccharum officinarum : Thick & juicy canes good for chewing. Contains high sugar content, low fiber and high tonnage, Cultivation is limited to tropical. S. sines : Long & thin stalk, broad leaves, low to medium sucrose content and early maturity. S. barberi : Short &thin stalk, narrow leaf, low-medium sucrose content, early maturity. 4

5. Area & Distribution G rown in more then 110 countries, 23.8Mha area and produces about 1661 Million tonnes of canes. Brazil leads in area & production India’s 2 nd rank in production In India, Uttar Pradesh ranks 1 st in area & production followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Bihar G rown in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of India Botany Main parts of plant are stalks, leafs, root system, inflorescence Stalk Consists of segments called joints. Each joint is made up of a node and an inter node. N ode is where the leaf attaches to the stalk and where the buds and root primordia are found. 5

6. Leaf S ugarcane is a C4 plant . Its leaf is divided into two parts: Sheath & Blade, separated by blade joint. L eaves are attached to the nodes of the stem on alternate side Root R oot system is fibrous and are of two types namely ‘sett roots’ and ‘shoot roots’. ‘Sett roots’ are mostly temporary. Inflorescence   I nflorescence, or tassel, is an open-branched panicle, also known as arrow. Each tassel consists of several thousand tiny flowers , Seeds are extremely small and weigh approx. 250 per gram. 6

7. Varieties: Uttar Pradesh : CoS-687, CoS-0238 Bihar : Bo-99, C0S-87268 Haryana : CoJ-58, CoS-8436,CoLK-8001 Maharashtra : CoC-671, Co-86032 Karnataka : CoC-671, Co-91002 Tamil Nadu :, CoC-671, CoJ-86141 Soil Requirement: G rown in three major soil groups:- alluvial, black & red soils G rown on sandy soils to clay loams & heavy clays . W ell drained, deep, loamy soil Optimum soil pH is about 6.5 but sugarcane can tolerate considerable degree of soil acidity and alkalinity. Climatic Requirement: G rown at 1000 m or more above sea level . 7

8. Long duration crop O ptimum temperature 26 to 30 °C RH 85% favorable for cane elongation during grand growth period S un loving plant and 10 to 14 hrs day length require Crop growth stages: Germination and Establishment phase (7-45 days) Tillering (45-120 days) Grand Growth phase (120-270 days) Ripening and Maturation (270-360 days) Seed and Sowing: Seed rate: Planting season Seed rate (no. of three-bud setts) Autumn 30000-40000 Spring 45000-50000 Summer 55000-60000 8

9. Time of planting Planting material Cane setts, Settlings, Bud chips (Top one-third portion of mature and healthy cane should be used) Seed Treatment Moist hot air treatment for disease control (52°c for 30 minutes) Malathion 50EC at 2ml/liter(soak the setts for 15 minutes) for insect control. Transplanting Techniques Flat bed method Type of planting Planting Time Duration(Months) Sprig /Eksali / Suru 15 th Jan-15 th Feb 12 Autumn / Preseasonal Oct-Nov 15 Adsali /Summer July-Aug 18 9

10. Ridge and Furrow Method Trench Method Ring-pit Method 10

11. Intercropping Suitable crop combinations: Most successfully adopted combinations are given as under - 1.    Sugarcane + Early potato (K. Chandramukhi)- Onion (Kalyanpur red). 2.    Sugarcane + Early Potato- Whaeat (K 816). Ratooning subterranean buds on stubble – the part of cane left under ground after harvesting plant cane, gives rise to a new crop stand which is usually referred to as the ratoon. Manures and Fertilizers Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha before the last ploughing. Dose in kg/ha Area N P K S Fe Zn Northern India 150-200 80 60 - - - Southern India 250-300 100 80 - - - 11

12. Water Management Its total water requirement is 1200 mm to 2500 mm Methods of irrigation Furrow irrigation Drip irrigation Sprinkler method Weed Management Major weeds: solanum nigrum, Angallis arvensis, Lathyrus sativa, cyperus rutundus, Echinocholoa colonum, Amaranthus viridis CONTROL Mulching, Intercropping, Crop rotation Pre-emergence:- Atrazine @ 2 kg a.i./ha in 500 liter water after 2 of planting Post-emergence:- 2,4-D @ 1kg a.i./ha after 60 days of planting Growth Phase Irrigation interval (days) Water requirement(depth mm) Germination (0-45days) 5-8 300 Tillering (45-120) 6-10 550 Grand Growth (120-270) 7-12 1000 Ripening (270-360) 10-18 650 12

13. Main Intercultural operation in sugarcane Earthing Up: Detrashing: Propping or Tieing of Cane Plants: Harvesting In North India after10-12 month of planting In South India after 18-20 month of planting Brix value is 16-18 Yield: 1 . Yield of Suru cane - 100 tons/ha. 2 . Yield of Preseasonal cane - 120 tons/ha. 3 . Yield of Adsali cane - 150 tons/ha. 13

14. Diseases and Their management Red rot ( Colletotrichum falcatum) Symptoms - stem discolored & hollow, internal tissue of stem reddened & sour smell Control: -Resistant varieties, moist hot air treatment, avoid ratooning. Wilt (Fusarium sacchari) Symptoms - Yellowing leaves , show stunting, canes become hollow & light weight. Control:- Healthy seed, setts treated by 0.2% sol. of Bavistin , crop rotation. Grassy shoot ( Phytoplasma) Symptoms -Pale sprouts in clump appear like ‘bunchy grass’ , stalks not formed. Control:- Spray of Monocrotophos 36 SL @ 500 ml/ha. 14

15. Insect pests and their control Termite (Odontotermes obesus) Damage- outer leaves of shoot dry up, feed the cane setts buds Control- Spray of chloropyriphos 20 EC @500 ml/ha over setts during planting Pyrilla (Pyrilla perpusilla) Damage- Yellowing of leaves covered with sooty mould Control- Spraying of Imidacloprid 17 SL @ 125 ml/ha Shoot Borer (Chilo infuscatellus) Control: Soil application of fipronil 0.3 G @ 25 kg/ha at planting Top Borer (Scripophaga excerptalis) Damage - Dead heart, shot holes and galleries on leaves Control: Soil application of Carbofuran 3 G @ 33 kg/ha in june 15

16. Products & Byproducts of sugarcane Sugar Jaggery/Gur Molasses Bagasses Ethanol Alcohol 16

17. Sugar production flow chart . 17

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19. THANK YOU 19