Cultivation practices of rice.pdf.........

Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops, and raising livestock, involving the preparation of plant and animal products for people to use and their distribution to markets.

1. Introduction.....
Y Rice is 3"! highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize.
Y world-wide- 158.8 mh (2015-2016), And production about 744.4 mt (2014)
Y Asian farmers account 87%

Ÿ India is 2™ largest producers -20%
¥ In India — Area 46 mh and production 157.2 million tonns. (2014)

Y 43% of total food grain production and 46% of total cereal production of
the country and contribute about 24% of gross cropped area of the country.

2. Y Oryza includes 24 species in which 22 are wild and two are cultivated i.e Oryza sativa
(found in Asia ,America and Europe), Oryza glaberrima (found in West Africa)

Y Oryza sativa grouped into three sub species —A, Indica B. Japonica C.
Javanica

* Top five Producing State In India 2012-2013 Nutritional value of rice per 100 g
SN STATE Production In Thousand Name Amount in Amount in white

‘Tonnes brown rice rice

LA West Bengal 15023.68

Calories 1 130
Total Fat Og

2. Utter Pradesh 14416

3. | Andhra Pradesh & 11510 Socio me img
Telangana E Pai 23g 28g
arbohydrate
4 Pi 4
unjab 1137: Protein TE 3a
5. Bihar 75293 | Galeton | Us |

Iron

3. y Highest productivity in Punjab 6000 kg/ha - 2013 . Egypt - 9.5 tonnes

per hectare.

y India exported 40,45,796.25 MT of Basmati Rice of Rs. 22718.44 crores.
Uttar Pradesh export 443957.16 MT of Rs. 2722.65 crore (2015-16)

Y 63,66,585.53 MT of Non-Basmati Rice to the world for the worth of Rs.
15129.09 crores Uttar Pradesh export 3, 21.473.61 MT worth of Rs.

949.82 crores, (2015-16)

4. Climate And Soil Requirements

v Average temp.- 21 to 37° C, Blooming required tem. 26.5-29.5°C
¥ Ripening the tem. should be 20-25°C
Y Clay loams soil most suited with PM range between 5.5-6.5

CROP LOCAL NAME SOWING TIME HARVEST TIME
SEASON
Kharif Aus (West Bengal, May-June Sept-Oct
Bihar)
Rabi Aman or Aghani June-July Nov-Dec,
Summer or Dalua (Orissa) Nov-Dec. March-April

Spring

Boro (west Bengal)

5. Varieties
varieties depends to a great extent on agro-climatic conditions, the cropping
system followed, grain quality and several other factors.

> Some example are-

State Rainfed Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated | Deep water
Upland Early Mid-Early Medium
Andhra Ravi, Abhaya, Narsing, APHR-Z Badava
Pradesh Rajendra Satya ete. Kakatiya DRR-HI Masha
Ete.
Bihar Birsa Dhan-201, Prahlad Krian, Gautam | Sita, Birsa Sudha, janki
Deepa ete, ele, Dhan-202 ete,
ur Rena, Pant Dhan 12, Sarjoo 52, | dalnidhi,
VLDhan97 | Narendra Pant Dhan 10 | ytpriya
Dhan 359
WE Panke, Bhupen | Munal, Kunti, CHRHS, | Jaladhi i,
— Satabdi Neeraja

6. Aerobic rice

Alternate wetting
and drying (AWD)

Low land rice

Up-tand

cultivation

Raised bed-
urated soil
e method

Cultivation
through drip
irrigation

7. » Aerobic rice varieties e.g PMK-3, CO47
» Well drained

+ Non puddled

+ 4-6t/ha with 50% saving irrigation water
TARGETED AREAS

* Uplands

* Undulating, rainfed lowlands

» Water-short irrigated low lands

8. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD)

+ Called ‘intermittent irrigation’ or ‘controlled irrigation’

>» Save -15-30% water

9. Ground covered rice production system
+ Mainly in mountainous regions.
+ Soil is constantly kept very

moist, but not flooded

» Plastic sheet or pre-composted
straw

»Checks the ET

+ Adds OM to soil

10. Y” Grow where water more then 50 cm deep for at least a month

Y” Grow two type of rice floating rice and traditional talls
Y” Traditional talls are varieties that are grown at water depths of between
50 cm and 100 em Floating rice grows in water deeper than 100 cm

eg.- Swarna 1

11. Drip irrigation system

+ Very new system and under experiment in rice cultivation

+ Experiment is doing different public and private sector e.g IARI,
TNAU, Jain Irrigation Systems (world's 2% largest micro-irrigation
company.)

12. System of rice intensification

Y” Developed in Madagascar early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie
y Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003

Core principles of SRI

8-10 Days (2 leaf stage) Wider spacing (25X25cm) Weeding with weeder Use of Organics
nursery

13. v Saving of 30 — 40% irrigation water

v Saving of 85 % seed (2 kg / acre as against 25-30 kg/ acre in
normal method)

Y” Saving of chemical inputs

v More healthy and tasty rice due to organic farming practices

Y Better and higher yields with lower inputs

v Crop duration reduced by 7-10 days due to absence of transplanting
shock

14. v Also called direct -seeded rice
Y” Mainly early maturing variety of 100-115 days
¥ Seed are sown mainly two way-

Behind the plough pi drilling

v Field Preparation- After harvesting the Rabi crop in April-May, the field should be
plough with soil turning plough. The field should be prepared and bunds should be made
around the field just after the first shower of monsoon,

Broadcasting

15. Y” Seed rate- 60 kg in behind the plough or drilling and for broadcasting
100 kg seed /hectare.

> Fertilizer Application in Dry and Rainfed Upland cultivation

60 kg Nitrogen, 30 kg Phosphorus, 30 kg potash per hec.
25% N, total P & K applied at time of land preparation. After 35-40 days of
sowing or tilering stage, top dress 50% of total N, The remaining 25% N
should be top dressed at dressed at panicle initiation stage.

+ Weeding and Howing

In upland rice weeds are major problem. Apply Benthiocarb at the rate of 2
kg a.i per hectare 6-7 days after seedling of rice. One manual weeding 40-45
days after sowing.

16. 1. Transplanting in puddled fields.

2. Broadcasting sprouted seeds in puddled fields,

* For transplanting one hectare area about 500 square meter area is sufficient
for nursery raising. In case of late sowing area should be 750-1000 square
meter.

Seed rate- 40-45 kg seed for bold grain varieties and 30-35 kg seed for

fine grain varieties

17. > 1. Wet bed nursery 2. Dry bed nursery 3. Dapog

1. Wet bed nursery

+ Most popular worldwide, Raised beds within the swamp, Apply 225g urea
or 500g ammonium sulphate and 500g SSP per 10 square meter, Keep the
seed beds saturated with water for five days, Seedling would be ready for
transplanting at the age of 20-25 days.

2. Dry bed nursery

Practiced in areas where water is not sufficient, Use the same seed rate and
fertilizer as in wet nurseries.

Beds should be watered thoroughly immediately after planting and twice
every day thereafter

18. Y” Maintain a thin film of water if possible after 5days of sowing

Y” Seedlings on the dry bed should be ready for transplanting from 21 days
Y” Water the bed to saturation before uprooting

3. The Dapog Nursery

v Method introduced in India from Philippines

v Main merit of this method is that less area is needed to raise seedlings
about 25-30 square meters

¥ Save almost half of the time in seedling raising
v 1 Sq m of seed bed should be require for every 3 Kg of seed.
¥ Seedling would be ready for transplanting with in 11 to 14 days

19. Land preparation

A. Brushing and Clearing B. Repairing Water Control Structures

C. Plowings and Puddling
Y” I plowing- 2-3 weeks before transplanting begins
Y 2™ take place 7-10 days after the first plowing

Y Puddling- 10 days after the second plowing and one day before

transplanting.

Ÿ If a basal application of fertilizer is intended, broadcast the fertilizer just

before puddling

20. Transplanting

A. Hand Transplanting

Y” Most widely practiced method
v 1/2" -1" deep transplanting is best

Y Space the hills 8"X8" during the wet season, 6"X6" during the dry season but can
be modified

B. Broadling

Y Method use where rice grown in extremely boggy, making it difficult to walk in them
v Seedlings are thrown randomly into a the puddled soil

Y The technique requires smaller plots than are found ordinarily

21. * Area where there is a shortage of labourers or otherwise labour is very
extensive for transplanting.

v 100 kg seed are required for one hectare
Y Seed should be shocked in water and pre-germinated before broadcast

Y The sprouted seed with radicle length one to two millimeter are uniformly
broadcasted by hand

Water Management

Y Water requirement is high during in initial period about 10 days
Y Tillering to flowering is most critical stage

22. Y Water allowed to stand in the field at deft of 2-5 cm

Y Water drained out from field 7 -15 days before harvest encourage quick
and uniform maturity of grain.

+ Water saving method:- System of rice Intensification (SRI): 30-40% +

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD): 15-30% + Aerobic rice: 40-50% + Direct

seeded rice: 75% + Ground cover rice production system: 50-60%

23. Y Yield reduce 20 to 40 percent
Y” Most common weed are-
* Echinochloa coionum Echinochloa crusgallli Cyperus iria Eclipta iria

+ Cyprus defformis Setaria glauca Scirpus spp. Ceiosia argentia ete.

Y Weed should removed once at 20 days after transplanting and second at
50-60 days after transplanting

> Herbicide Used in paddy control for weed control are-

* Butachlor50 a.i (Machete) @1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting.

* Thiobencarp 30a.i (Saturn) @ 1.5 kg per hectare within 5-6 day of transplanting.

* Pendimethalin 30a.i (stomp) I kg/hec spray uniformly within 1-2 days of direct seeding
of paddy.

24. 1, Blast
Pathogen: Pyricularia oryzae (fungus)
Y Infection takes place at any stage of growth

Y” Lesions are typically oval or spindle-shaped,

with a grayish center and a brown halo.
Disease Control
# Spray 0.1% HinosanS0EC Or spray Bavestin
Y 10 kg seed with 5g Emisan, Ig streptoeyelin in
10 litres of water for 24 hours before sowing.

2, Brown Spot
Pathogen: Heliminthosporium oryzae
Y kemels of infected spikelet become shriveled and
discoloured.

Y Brown spot starts as small, circular to oval, dark
brown lesions with a light yellow halo around their
outer edge

Control Measured
3-4 sprays with 0,2% zineb or Mancozeb75WP

25. 3. False Smut 4, Sheath Blight

Pathogen: Ustinaginoidea virens (fungus) pathogen: Rhizoctonia solanii (fungus)

¥ Transformation of the individual grains

s à ¥ Grayish-green lesions on the leaf sheath
into greenish spore ball of velvety

between the surface of irrigation water and

BPRSATANES. the leaf blade.
y Balls are slightly flattened, smooth and Y The lesions may also extend to the leaf
yellow, and covered by a membrane blades

Control- Spray the crop with 0.2% COPPETControl- spray with 1.0 kg carbendazin
oxychloride (Blitox) at the time of 50%(Bayistin) per hectare in 1000L of water.
panical emerge

26. Insect pests

Stem Borer Gall Midge
y Damage caused by the larva Y This is sucking type of insect

v Regular tillers are transformed into tubular

Y They bore and feed inside the stem. E
galls resembling the leaf of onion

¥ They drying of growing, form the base
ue die mee Control- same as for the control of stem

Control- Apply carbofuron (Furadon) @borer.

30 kg per hectare or Phorate (Thimet) 10%

granules @10 kg hectare in 3-4 cm standing

water in field.

27. Gundhi Bug Rice-Hispa

v Both nymph and adult caused damage Y Adults of this insect scrap on upper

Y Suck the plant sap and particularly the
milky juice of the development grains in
early morning hours or at dusk

surface of leaf blade, leaving only lower
epidermis.

Control- spray Pho: vidon 85 SI

(Dimecron) @ 0.5milliliter in IL of water of
* Control apply 2% Methyl parathion orMonocrotophos 36EC @ IML in IL of

5% Malathion dust @ 20-25 kg per hectare. water or dust 2% Methyl parathion @ 20 kg

per hectare.

Y” grain are either empty or partly filled

28. Y 85-90% of the panicles are ripe means 90% of the spikelets are golden
and hard.

Y Drain the plots 7-10 days before anticipated harvesting
Y At the time of harvesting, moisture content - 20-26%
v 12-14% before milling or storage

Yield

A well-managed crop of mid duration (135-150) paddy, yields about 60-70
quintal paddy per hectare. Short duration varieties yield about 45-55quintals
per hectare, Hybrid rice yield, about 60-70 quintals per hectare

29. Conclusion and future aspect

> About half of the world population depending upon the rice specific food.

+ By 2025 about 15-20 mh of irrigated rice fields may suffer from water
scarcity .

+ To over come this water problem and supply sufficient amount of food to
the people it is necessary that type of cultivation system who need less
water but give more yield.

Y” Awareness about rice is not aquatic plant

Y” Standardization of AWD

¥ Weed management in aerobic and AWD

Y” Scope for sprinkler and drip irrigation

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