Cultural methods for pest control . pptx

Cultural methods for pest control

1. CULTURAL METHODS FOR PEST CONTROL Principle of Intergraded Pest management (1+1) Ag.Ento 4.2 College Of Agriculture Anand Agricultural University Jabugam-391155 Submitted By Jainil Bhoya Submitted To Dr.M.R.Dabhi

2. CULTURAL METHODS OF INSECT CONTROL Definition : Cultural control is the purposeful manipulation of a cropping environment to reduce rates of pest increases and damage. Cultural management of pests involves changes to make the crop less suitable for the pest to make it suitable for natural enemies to enhance the ability of the crop to withstand pest attack.

3. Tillage Simply tilling a field may disrupt a pest's life cycle. e.g. Ploughing the soil up to 40 cm depth expose pupae of bollworms, Gujarat hairy caterpillar and stem borers adults of white grubs and eggs of grasshoppers etc. to sun rays and predatory animals.

4. Field Sanitation Clean cultivation is often recommended as a way to eliminate shelter and/or overwintering sites for pest populations. E.g.
Removing crop debris from cotton fields through allowing sheep and goats to graze cotton field after harvest, eliminates overwintering populations of pink bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella).
Destruction of stubbles / crop residues reduces the incidence of stem borer.
Collection of all fallen and infested fruits of mango reduces mango fruit fly,Bactocera dorsalis.

5. Removal / Destruction of alternate host It reduces buildup of insects in off season. Whiteflies use many broad leaf weeds as alternate host. Use of clean seed By using pest free healthy seeds and planting materials, possible infestation of pest can be checked. E.g. Scales and mealy bugs in sugarcane, sweet potato weevil, banana rhizome weevil.

6. Selection of variety Grow pest resistant variety. E.g. Neelashan (Mango) to hoppers, Bt. Cotton to Helicoverpa armigera, G 4 (Chilli) to thrips and mites, Pusa Purple Long (Brinjal) to FSB etc. Sowing Time In some crops, it is possible to create discontinuity in the pest’s food supply simply by altering the time of planting by producing asynchrony between host plants and the pests. E.g. Avoidance of late sowing of pigeonpea reduces infestation of pigeonpea pod fly. Similarly, there is less infestation of aphids in timely sown mustard compared to late sown crops.

7. Seed rate Adoption of appropriate seed rate ensures proper spacing and crop canopy that helps in adoption of proper spray. E.g. Use of high seed rate is recommended forshoot fly in sorghum. Plant spacing Spacing modifies the micro-environment of the crop, duration of crop growth and development that influence the pest population.

8. Closer spacing increases the population of BPH and white backed plant hopper in paddy; whitefly in Soybean. Closer spacing in cotton results in bushy growth that affects penetration of light,results in vertical growth of the plant, higher RH, hinders spraying operation that favours the higher incidence of sucking pests (leaf hoppers and whitefly). Closer spacing decreases the population of thrips, hoppers and leaf miners in groundnut.

9. Fertilizer management Application of organic manure or fertilizers in balance amount makes plant healthy that helps to minimize the pest incidence. Application of m excess nitrogenous fertilizers increases susceptibility of crops against insect pests. However, application of potash reduces the incidence of insect pests. Application of potash reduces virus disease transmitted by whitefly Fields receiving higher dose of N-fertilizers favours incidence of the pests than crops receiving N at low level. E.g. BPH, yellow stem borer, whorl maggot, leaf folder, rice Hispa, green leaf hopper etc. in paddy; Pyrilla in sugarcane; whitefly in cotton.

10. Irrigation management Wireworms are controlled by flooding the field for several days or by allowing field to dry out during summer. Flooding of fields –suppress cutworms, armyworms and root grubs Sugarcane and wheat crops can be protected from the attack of termites by frequent light irrigations.

11. Plant sanitation / Prunning / Thinning Plant sanitation is an essential prerequisite to reduce the insect population. Removal of deadhearts with larvae in cereals & sugarcane reduces incidence of stem borers. Picking and destruction of damaged square & bolls of cotton reduces incidence of Helicoverpa armigera and Erias spp. In cotton. Picking infested shoots & fruits of brinjal reduces infestation of brinjal shoot and fruit borer; a damaged fruit of tomato, chilly reduces infestation of fruit borer. Pruning of branches in Dec. –Jan. reduces citrus leaf miner.

12. Canopy Management It facilitate -Light exposure, Air exposure, Pesticide exposure there fore it is beneficial. Crop rotation Rotating the field to a botanically different type of crop can break life cycle by starving pests that cannot adapt to a different host plant. In termite prone area, crops like; wheat, sugarcane, pigeonpea, chilli should be rotated with tobacco or onion. Crop rotation of same group of crops i.e. cucurbits, crucifers, graminaceous, solanaceous etc. should be discouraged to reduce population of pumpkin beetles, DBM, stem borers, Lucinodes , respectively.

13. Fallowing Fallow can reduce pest densities by starvation. If alternate host is present fallow cannot work Trap cropping Trap crops are plant stands that are grown to attract insects or other organisms so that the principal crop escapes pest attack. Due to trap cropping we can keep main crop free from insecticides and this enhances natural control.

14. Main crop Trap crop Pest Cabbage, Cauliflower Bold seeded mustard DBM Tomato African tall marigold Fruit borer, Leaf miner Tobacco Castor Tobacco leaf eating caterpillar. Cabbage Tomato DBM Cotton Okra Spotted borer Barrier crops The barrier can consist of a relatively tall species that is planted around the perimeter of a primary crop. Living barriers include graminaceous species, like sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), corn (Zea mays) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum).

15. Mulching Reduces the insect’s ability to find the crop. Mixed cropping /Intercropping Intercropping lowers the overall attractiveness of the environment, when host and non-host plants are mixed together in a single planting. Tomato intercropped with cabbage reduces egg laying by DBM. Intercopping of cowpea in cotton helps in colonization of coccinellids and also enhanced the parasitism of spotted bollworm. Intercropping of groundnut in pearl millet reduces thrips, jassids and leaf miners. Intercropping of redgram in cotton for cotton grey weevil; sunhemp in cucurbits for fruit fly; okra in cotton for spotted bollworm; soybean in groundnut for leaf miner.

16. Hedge rows and refuge line Hedgerows provide benefits to enhance natural enemies. Noncropped refugia can be used to harbour beneficial organisms, especially insects and spiders. Refuge line is also useful in resistance management. Strip harvesting It is similar to trap cropping. Crops can be harvested in alternate strip so that insect may not move in main crop. Modify harvest schedule By adjusting time of harvesting, a crop can be saved from attack of the pest.

17. Timely picking of cotton avoids attack of dusky cotton bug. O Infestation of Sweet potato weevil reduces in timely harvest of sweet potato. Ratooning Avoiding rationing of pigeonpea during off season helps in reducing the carryover of pod fly and eriophyiid mite, Aceria cajani Border crops o As trap crop –Life stages o As Banker crop –Support NE’s o As Ecofeastcrop –Sacrifice crop o Maize around cotton field (decrease sucking pest and H. armigera) o Castor in Groundnut, cotton (suppress Spodoptera)

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