Culture - Sociology

Culture - Sociology
Subject - Sociology
Second Year Nursing

1. By, Anjali Sunil Shekokar 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 1

2. Conten t - Culture- Introduction Culture Definition Culture Meaning Culture Nature Components of Culture Evolution of culture Diversity and uniformity of culture Culture and socialization Trans cultural society Influence on health and disease 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 2

3. INT R ODUCTION Culture is derived from the English word ‘ Kulthra ’ and Sanskrit word ‘ Samskar ’ which denotes social channel and intellectual excellence. Culture is a way of life. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 3

4. DEFINITION EB Taylor - Culture is a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by the man as a member of society. Leglic AY White - Culture is a symbolic continuous, cumulative and progressive process. Malinowski B - The cumulative creation of man; the handwork of man and the medium through which he achieves is ends. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 4

5. DEFINITION Graham wallas - An accumulation of thoughts, values and objects; it is the social heritage acquired by us from preceding generations through learning as distinguished from the biological heritage which is passed on to us automatically through genes. CC North - The instruments constituted by man to assist him in a satisfying his wants. Redfield - Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts, objects, ideas attitudes, values and use of the symbols. Culture is an organized body of conventional understanding manifested in arts and artifacts which persisting through tradition, characterizes the group. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 5

6. meaning Culture is an organization of phenomenon of acts (patterns of behavior)objects(tools)ideas(belief, knowledge, sentiments)attitude values the use of symbols. Culture is an organized body of conventional understanding manifested in art and artifact (indication) which persisting through tradition, characteristics the human group - Red field 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 6

7. NATURE OF CULTURE Culture is a learned behavior not inherited. It is learned through experience, imitation, communication, concept, thinking and socialization process . Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally thus it is communicative. Vertical transmission is from one generation to another whereas horizontal transmission is from one group to another group within the same period Culture is social not individual the pattern of thinking, feeling & acting can be shared by the members of the group and kept relatively uniform through group pressures. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 7

8. NATURE OF CULTURE Culture provides opportunities and provides means for the satisfaction of our needs and desires to fulfill group functions . Culture is adaptive . It may institute changes in the environment as a means of adopting, instead of altering themselves to the changing environments. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 8

9. NATURE OF CULTURE Culture is dynamic . Couture is subjected to slow but constant change. Couture respond to the changing condition of the world . Every society has its own culture . Culture is continuous and cumulative Culture is integrativ e. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 9

10. TYPES OF CULTURE There are two types of culture i.e. material culture and non-material culture Material culture - Material culture concerned with the external, mechanical and utilitarian objects. It can be easily communicated and makes our life more comfortable, luxurious and meaningful. Thus material culture has the extrinsic value like housing, fashion, diet etc. material culture represent the whole apparatus of life or civilization. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 10

11. TYPES OF CULTURE Non-material culture - It include the concepts, values , mores and ideas. e.g . monogamy, democracy, worship etc. . 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 11

12. FUNCTIONS OF CULTUR E It makes man as a human being . To regulate the conduct and prepares the human being for group life through the process of socialization . It defines the meaning of situation. Provides solutions for difficult situations. Defines values, attitudes and goals. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 12

13. FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE Broaden the vision of individuals . Provide behavior patterns and relationship with others . Keep the individual behavior intact. Moulds national character . Define myths, legends, supernatural believes. Creates new needs and interests. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 13

14. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Components of culture are as follows- Symbols Language Values F ol k w a y s Mores Laws Customs 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 14

15. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Symbols Anything that carries particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture . It can be either material object like flag a cross or word or it can be a non material object like sound gesture . Symbolic meaning is obvious uniform in culture and powerful. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 15

16. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Language A major symbolic system in use in all human societies is languages . Human languages are learned and variable, flexible and generative. Without language there is no culture . It is language through which we are able to create share, preserve and transmit cultural meanings such as complex patterns of emotions, thought, knowledge and beliefs . Language is essential to give members of society a sense of identity. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 16

17. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Values Values are general abstract moral principles defining what is right or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable . In other words values often come in pairs of positive and negative terms . Values define general moral qualities of behavior expected from members of society such as honesty, patriotism or commitment to freedom 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 17

18. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Folkways Folkways are accepted ways of behavior. According to Gillin and Gillin folkways are the behavior pattern of every day life which unconsciously arises within a group. According to AW Green folkways are the ways of acting that are common to a society or a group that are handed down from generation to the next. According to Merill folkways are social habits or group expectations that have arised in the daily life of the group. Folkways are social in nature, repetitive in character, unplanned in origin, informal enforcement, varied in nature and subjected to change. Example of folkways are eating pattern, habits, communication, dressing walking, working and greeting. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 18

19. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Mores Standard of behavior that influences the moral conduct of people conformity to mass is called as mores . According to MacIver & CH Page when folkways have added to group welfare and high standards that are converted into mores . mores determine our conception of right or wrong and proper and improper . Mores differ from group to group and from society to society . Mores are dynamic, they keep on changing according to changing need of society. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 19

20. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Customs Customs are formed on the basis of habits. Customs are social habits which through repetition become the basis of an order of social behavior . According to MacIver custom is a group procedure that has gradually emerged without express enactment without any constituted authority to declare it, apply it, to safe guard it. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 20

21. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Laws Laws are enacted by the state or centre to have control over individual . According to Green law is more or less systematic body of generalized rules, balanced between the fiction of performance and fact of change governing specifically defined relationship and situations and employing force or the threat of force in defined and limited ways . Laws applies equally to all . Laws are definite, clear and precise. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 21

22. EVOLUTION OF CULTURE Evolution of specific culture is difficult to identify . But from the discoveries and inventions cultural development can be identified . But one thing is clear that culture is as old as man . Though the material aspects does not us about the culture but reveals the evolution of culture. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 22

23. DIVERSITY AND UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE Culture is a set of behavior of a group. Therefore there are many culture as there are many groups. Culture of one group may differ completely or in certain aspects from other. These variations are known as cultural diversity . Factors responsible for diverse culture are as follows- 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 23

24. Factors responsible for diverse culture are as follows- Geographical location U n c onsciou s b eh a vi o r imita t ed and la t er on become a custom which is the part of culture Flexibility in behavior Technological advancement Religious belief Life style L angua g e 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 24

25. UNIFORMITY OF CULTURE Uniformity of culture is meant by sharing the same type of cultural pattern by the different group of people . Uniformity of culture is far more complex than it seems . Uniformity is based on the belief of God’s superiority. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 25

26. CULTURE AND SOCIALIZATION Culture is defined as the belief, values, behavior and material objects shared by a particular group of people . Socialization is the process which shapes and defines our thoughts, feelings and also provides us with a model for our behavior . This process of socialization teaches the human being the cultural values and norms which provide the guidelines for our everyday life. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 26

27. Human infants are born without any culture . The y mus t b e t r ans f ormed b y a g ents of sociali z a tion such as fami l y , p a r ent s , t eacher s , peers a n d ma s s medi a in t o cul t u r al l y adapt human beings . Thi s g ene r al p r o c ess of a c quiring cultu r e is referred to as socialization . Successful socialization can result in uniformity within society. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 27

28. Th r ou g h th e socialization persona l i t y develops . Sociali z ation helps u s t o per f orm s peci f ic role in society which is culturally bound . 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 28

29. "seeing TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY T ranscultur a lism i s defi n ed as oneself in the other". T ranscultural i s i n turn all human culture " described as or " extending through "involving, encompa s sing , or combining elements of more than one culture". 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 29

30. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY Transculturalism is characterized by the following: T ranscultur a lism emphasi z es o n t h e problem a tic of cont e mpor a ry c u l t ure in t e rms of re l at i onshi p s , meaning-making, and power formation; and the transitory nature of culture as well as its power to transform . Transculturalism is interested in dissonance, tension, and instability as it is with the stabilizing effects of social conjunction, communalism, and organization; and in the destabilizing effects of non-meaning or meaning atrophy. It is interested in the disintegration of groups, cultures, and power. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 30

31. TRANS CULTURAL SOCIETY Transculturalism is characterized by the following: Transculturalism does not seek to privilege the semiotic over the material conditions of life, nor vice versa . Transculturalism accepts that language and materiality continually interact within an unstable locus of specific historical conditions . [ 5] Transculturalism locates relationships of power in terms of language and history. [5] 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 31

32. Transculturalism is deeply suspicious of itself and of all utterances. Its claim to knowledge is always redoubtable, self-reflexive, and self-critical . Transculturalism can never eschew the force of its own precepts and the dynamic that is culture . Transculturalism never sides with one moral perspective over another but endeavors to examine them without ruling out moral relativism or meta- ethical confluence. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 32

33. Transculturalism seeks to illuminate the various gradients of culture and the ways in which social groups create and distribute their meanings; and the ways in which social groups interact and experience tension . Transculturalism looks toward the ways in which language wars are historically shaped and conducted. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 33

34. Influence on health and disease Cultural factors in health and disease: Cultural factors in health and disease People have their own beliefs and practices concerning health and disease. Cultural factors are deeply involved in all affairs of man. Some are based on trial and error and have positive values. Others are useless and positively harmful. Stood in the way of implementing health programs. Where a change of behavior was required the resistance of people was maximum in accepting new programs. Information about these factors i.e., customs, cultural mores, habits, beliefs, and superstition is still woefully lacking. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 34

35. Concepts of etiology and cure Concepts of etiology and cure. The causes of disease as understood by the vast majority of rural people fall into two groups., supernatural and physical. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 35

36. Supernatural causes Supernatural causes Wrath of gods and goddesses : There are many people even among the educated who believe that certain diseases are due to……. Smallpox and chickenpox Bari Mata and Choti mata ., Administration of drug is considered harmful. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 36

37. Supernatural causes Cases are notified and pujas are made to appease the gods., Breach of taboos : breach of taboos is believed by some people to be the cause of disease. Eg venereal disease are believed to be due to illicit sexual intercourse with a women of low caste ., Supernatural causes Or a woman with menstruation ., Past sins: diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis are believed to be as a result of past sins., Evil eye: widely held belief, throughout the country, is the effect of the evil eye. Supernatural causes Children are considered to be more susceptible., In order to ward off the evil eye , charms and amulets are prescribed and incantations recited by the exorcist. spirit or ghost intrusions: some diseases such as hysteria and epilepsy are regarded as due to a spirit or ghost intrusion into the body. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 37

38. Physical causes Physical causes are considered to be responsible for certain diseases Effects of weather: exposure of heat during summer is responsible for an attack of heat stroke Loo., the folk remedies consists of application of oil and ghee on the soles, and keeping unripe mangoes under hot ash for a few minutes., and extracting the pulp with a pinch of salt. Water : impure water is associated with diseases. Impure blood : skin diseases viz boils and scabies are considered to be due to impure blood., Eating neem leaves and flowers are considered to purify the blood., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 38

39. Environmental sanitation Environmental sanitation Disposal of human excreta: 98% of people in rural areas use open fields for defecation. This practice is time honoured and considered harmless . The average Indian villager is averse to the idea of latrines. He considers that latrines are meant for city dwellers, where there is no fields for defecation., Environmental sanitation Thus the problem of excreta is bound with numerous beliefs and habits based on ignorance., Disposal of wastes: the average villager is not aware that mosquitoes breed in collection of waste water. It is permitted to flow in the streets., PowerPoint Presentation:Environmental sanitation The solid waste is refuse is invariably thrown in front of the houses where it is permitted to accumulate and decompose., Periodically it is removed to the fields and used as manure., The animal dung (cow dung ) is allowed to accumulate it is used as manure and often times pressed into cakes , sun dried and used as fuel. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 39

40. Water supply : the well occupies a pivotal place in the cultural environment of villages., it is the common meeting place for men and women it is a place where people bathe and wash their clothes., it is a place where animals are washed and given a drink These cultural practices lead to the pollution of well water., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 40

41. Tanks and ponds : tanks and ponds are used for washing bathing ablution and sometimes even as a source of drinking water . Some rivers are considered holy and people go on a pilgrimage to these rivers have a dip. They not only have a dip but drink the raw water which they consider sacred. Samples of ‘holy water’ are bottled and carried over long distances for distribution among friends and relatives. Epidemics of cholera and gastroenteritis have been due to these cultural practices. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 41

42. Housing : rural housing are practically the same thro’ out the country, usually katcha , and damp ill-ventilated for reasons of security there is no windows if at all one is provided, which is a mere hole . Absence of separate kitchen, latrine, bathroom and drainage are characteristic of rural house . Animal keeping is very common in villages Infrequently animals and human live under one roof. Houses are generally kept clean inside white washed and plastered with mud and cow dung. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 42

43. Food habits Food habits have deep psychological roots and are associated with love affection warmth self image and social prestige . The diet is influenced by local conditions eg soil climate, religion customs and beliefs., Vegetarianism is given a place of honour in Hindu society, Some do not take onions and garlic on religious grounds Muslims abhor pork and Hindus beef these have religious sanctions from early days. 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 43

44. Food habits : The concept of hot and cold are prevalent widely in the country. Meat, egg , jaggery are considered to generate heat in the body curd ,milk, vegetables are considered cool to the body These concepts are encountered by the modern physician when treating disease Adulteration of milk is a common practice Motive is economic gain a deep rooted belief is also responsible for the practice., If pure milk is boiled then the donar animal will become dry . 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 44

45. Muslims observe fast during Ramzan and Hindus on several occasions., drinks and drugs are among the food habit of the people alcoholic drinks are tabooed by Muslims and high cast Hindus ganja bhang and charas are frequently consumed by sadhus Spreading to the general population., Eating and drinking from common utensils is considered as a sign of brotherhood among Muslims ., Hindu women often take food left over by their husbands in some societies men eat first and women last and poorly Bias towards male child Some people take food only after taking a bath Food is thus a subject of widespread custom habit and belief which vary from region to region., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 45

46. Mother and child Mother and child health : Mother and child health Mother and child health is surrounded by wide range of customs and beliefs all over the world Marriages is universal in Indian society., and the family is incomplete without the birth of a male child This has obvious implications in the context of the country’s population problems. various customs are considered good bad and uncertain., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 46

47. Mother and child health Good : Customs such as prolonged breast feeding oil bath, massage, and exposure to sun are considered good., Bad: These vary from society to society e.g., some foods egg meat fish meat leafy vegetables are forbidden during pregnancy Mother and child health Bad: in rural areas delivery is conducted by traditional untrained dai or birth attendant whose methods of conducting delivery are far from safe. the villagers have great faith in her In some parts of the country the child is not put to the breast for 3 days of birth because of the belief that colostrum is harmful., Instead the child is put on sugar and water Branding of the skin administration opium and drastic purgatives are bad custom., Net result is high infant mortality., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 47

48. Personal hygiene Personal hygiene Indians have an immense sense of personal cleanliness much of which is interwoven with the ideas of ritual purification., Oral hygiene: in country side people use twigs of neem to brush the teeth some use ashes some charcoal Eating palm leaves smeared with lime with or without tobacco is a common social custom Personal hygiene Bathing : bathing naked is taboo Apart from regular baths of which Indians are fond of there are bathing on special occasions, The women after menstruation should have a purifying bath., After child birth there may be two or three ceremonial bath The practice of oil bath is a good custom., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 48

49. Womenfolk in the country side use apaste of turmeric mustard oil and rub it on the body before a bath thus bathing is aritual in India., Shaving : This is done by a barber in India He does not sterilize the instruments as he does not have any idea about micro –organisms., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 49

50. Smoking : smoking hubble – bubble is asocial custom in some parts of India it can spread tuberculosis smoking with the burning end of the cigar is seen in Andhra Pradesh associated with oral cancer., Chronic bronchitis, Ca lung, Coronary artery occlusion, angina pectoris ca of mouth larynx oesophagus , ca of bladder and PT Patients with peptic ulcer have a very high death rate., A mother smoking during pregnancy will have a baby with retarded growth of the foetus ., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 50

51. Purdah: Muslims and high caste Hindus wear purdahs incidence of tuberculosis is reported to be high they are deprived of beneficial effects of sunrays Sleep: Wearing shoes: 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 51

52. sex and marriage Sexual customs varies among different social religious and ethnic groups; Menstruation is a time of uncleanliness and women are not allowed to pray or have intercourse., Orthodox Jews are forbidden to have intercourse for 7 days after menstruation which has an important bearing on family planning., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 52

53. Marriage is a sacred institution it is a usual custom in India to have marriage early at about the age of puberty Considered a sound and desirable practice., Because late marriages have problems in adjustments., Because marriage is universal there is no problem of unwed mothers or illegitimate births., Mean age of marriage is 24 for males and19 for girls., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 53

54. There are difference in marriage age by caste females of the depressed class have a low mean marriage age Child marriage has almost disappeared., monogamy and polygamy Polyandry is found among Todas of Nilgris ., inhabitants of jaunsar Bawar in UP and nayers in Malabar coast., High rate of venereal diseases in HP due to local marriage customs., 10/6/2020 By, Miss. Anjali Sunil Shekokar 54

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