CURRICULLUM AND INSTRUCTION LECTURE 8-1.pdf

Curriculum

1. LECTURER:Ms.
MARY KUNG’U
CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTION
NUR 408

2. Evaluation
Thetermsevaluation,assessmentandexaminationhavebeenused
interchangeablytomeanthesamething.
However,whenexaminedclosely,thetermsdonotalwayscarrythe
samemeaning.
Evaluationisanencompassingtermwhichincludesthefunctionsof
examiningandassessing.Italsoincludestheaspectofplacingavalue
andmakingdecisionsonthedataobtainedfromtheexaminations.
Evaluationcanbedefinedas“placingavalueonalearner’s
performanceinordertomakedecisionsaboutastudent,asubjectora
course”.


3. Assessment
Assessmentisthe“methodorprocessoffindingouthowmucha
studenthaslearned‖.
Itistheprocessofdeterminingwhetherthelearnersareachievingor
haveachievedtheobjectivesofacourse.Thisisnormallyachieved
throughexaminations.
Examinations,then,arethe“toolsorformalmechanismswhichare
usedtoassessthelearningofstudents”.

4. Purposeof EvaluatingLearners
Thereareseveralreasonswhystudentsareevaluated.The
mainonesare:
Tojudgetheleveloflearners‘achievement
Topredictlearners‘futureperformance
Tomonitorlearners‘progressforthepurposeofprovidingfeedback
Todetermineteachingeffectiveness
Tolicensepracticeof aprofession
To identifyweakandstrongareasofacourse
Togradeandrankstudentsforawards.

5. TypesofEvaluation
Wecangroupthereasonsforevaluatinglearnersintotwo
classes:
Thosereasonswhichdemandacontinuousassessment
(formativeevaluation),
Thoseothersthatassistindecision-makingatendofthe
course(summativeevaluation).

6. Formativeevaluation
Alsocalledprogressiveevaluation,theprimary purpose
offormativeevaluationistoprovidefeedbacktothe
learnerand/orteacheraboutthelearner‘s strengths and
weaknesses.
Formativeevaluation followssmallunitsoflearning.The
mostsignificantadvantageofthiskindofevaluationis
thatitdiagnoseslearners‘problemsearlyinthe
instructionalprocessandallowscorrectivemeasuresto
betaken.Itcarrieson throughoutthecourseofstudy.

7. Summativeevaluation
Summativeevaluationiscarriedoutattheendoftheterm,course
orprogramme.Itisalsocalled―terminalevaluation‖.
Itisusedmainlyforcertification,licensingorforselectionof
learnersforafurthereducationalprogramme.
Note:Agoodevaluationshouldincludebothsummativeandformative
assessmentaseachhasaspecialrole.Whileformativeevaluation
givesdiagnosticfeedbacktobothteacherandlearneroversmallunits
oflearning,summativeevaluationcanrevealthestudent‘sabilityto
integrateandapplylearning.

8. WhattoEvaluate
Learners,especiallypotentialhealthworkers,shouldbeassessedon
what they know (knowledge), what they can do (skills), and what they
feel(attitudes)aboutvariousissuesrelatedtotheirjob.
AssessingKnowledge
Most teachers assess students almost exclusively on their acquisition of
knowledge. This assessment usually takes the form of pen and paper
tests,suchas:

9. 1.Essaytests
2.Short-answertests
3.Multiple-choicequestions(MCQs)
•True/falsequestions
•Matchingquestions
•Completionofblanks

10. Essays
Essayscanbeusefulmethodsofstudentassessment,
especiallyiftheyaremadevalid,reliableandobjective.
Howtosetessayquestions
a.Decidewhetherthereisnoalternativemethodofassessment.
b.Makethequestionveryspecific,describingexactlywhat
studentsshoulddo.
c.Prepareamarkingscheme.
WhenwritingMCQs,thedifficultthingischoosingthequestion(the
stem)andchoosingthedistractors.

11. Howtochoosegoodquestions
Trytomakesimple,straightforwardquestionsthatrelateto
theteachingyouwilldo.Thinkoftheaspectsofthetopic
thatyouwanttoemphasize.Makeyourquestionsabout
thoseaspects.
Examples
Ateacheronarefreshercoursewasteachingaboutdiarrhea.
Shewantedtoemphasizetheimportanceoffindingoutthe
causesofdiarrhea.Shemadethesetwoquestions:

12. Question
Whenyouseea childwithdiarrhea,whatisthefirst
thingtofindout:
Answer:
a)Whetherthechildisbreast-orbottle-fed
b)Whetherthechildisat schoolornot
c)Whetherthechildiswalkingornot
d)Whatthechild‘snameis?
Question
Amother comestotheclinic complainingthat herwholefamilyhasdiarrheawhat
wouldyoutrytofindoutfirst
Answers
a.Herhusband‘soccupation
b.Howmanymembersthereareinthefamily?
c.Thefamily‘ssourceof water
d.Howmanymembersof thefamilyhavebeentoschool?
All the distractors are important. But the teacher wanted to see ifherstudents couldpick outthe
importanceofbottle-feeding andthesourceofwaterasthecauseofdiarrhea

13. How to choose good distractors
Writing good answers is as important as writing good questions. There
are three things to remember about choosing distractors:
1.Do not make incorrect answers ridiculous
2.Try to choosedistractorsfromamong thesortof
mistakes that students commonly make.
3.Do not make the correct answer obvious.

14. Preparingamarkingscheme
Therearetwowaysyoucouldpreparetheschemetomake
yourmarkingmorereliable:
1.Analyticscoring
2.Impressionscoring.
Inanalyticscoring,theexaminersetsoutanumber
ofcrucialpointswhichmustappearintheanswer.
Thestudentsansweristhencomparedtothismodelanswer.
Pointsarethenawardedforintegration,co-ordinationand
organization.

15. In impression marking, the marker simply readsthe essay for a generalimpression of
its adequacy. The marker then transforms the impressioninto a numerical mark and
moves on to the next answer.
Generalrulesinmarkingessayanswers
1.Gradeanswersquestionbyquestionratherthanstudentby
student,i.e.themarkershouldreadonequestionforallstudents
papersbeforemovingontothenextquestion/paper.
2.Concealfromthemarkerthenameofthestudentwhosepaperisbeing
marked.
3.Arrangeforindependentmarkingofpapers,oratleastasampleof
themiftheclassistoolarge.
4.Discusstheanswerswithstudentstoensurelearning.Provide
feedback!