Review of Literature
According to Nick Mathiason (2007), a courier is a person or company employed to deliver
messages, packages and mail. Couriers are distinguished from ordinary mail services by features
such as speed, security, tracking, signature, specialization and individualization of services, and
committed delivery times, which are optional for most everyday mail services. As a premium
service, couriers are usually more expensive than usual mail services, and their use is typically
restricted to packages where one or more of these features are considered important enough to
warrant the cost. Different courier services operate on all scales, from within specific towns or
cities, to regional, national and global services. The world's largest courier companies are
Aramex, DHL, FedEx, TNT N.V. and UPS. These offer services worldwide, typically via a hub
and spoke model. In ancient times runners and homing pigeons were used to deliver timely
messages. When the horse became domesticated, its use was rapidly adopted by couriers. Before
there were mechanized courier services, foot messengers 11 physically ran miles to their
destinations. To this day there are marathons directly related to actual historical messenger
routes. In cities, there are often bicycle couriers or motorcycle couriers but for consignments
requiring delivery over greater distance networks, this may often include trucks, railways and
aircraft. Many companies who operate under a Just-In-Time or "JIT" inventory method often
utilize on-board couriers. On-board couriers are individuals who can travel at a moment's notice
anywhere in the world, usually via commercial airlines. While this type of service is the second
costliest - general aviation charters are far more expensive - companies analyze the cost of
service to engage an on-board courier versus the "cost" the company will realize should the
product not arrive by a specified time (i.e. an assembly line stopping, untimely court filing, lost
sales from product or components missing a delivery deadline, organ transplants). Over time,
demand for a new type of representative courier has emerged. With the increase in fuel prices
and productivity goals monitored closely by companies, this new type of all-in-one courier has
been developed to "take care of business". Workers in companies have more work and less time
to be out of the office. Operating largely using independent contractors that have gone through a
screening process and background checks have found a niche in the courier industry. Research,
in transit pet care, complex paperwork filing, and a host of other services are now offered in this
new category of courier service. 12 The genus of the UK same-day courier market stems from
the London Taxi companies but soon expanded into dedicated motorcycle dispatch riders with
the taxi companies setting up separate arms to their companies to cover the courier work. During
the late 1970s small provincial and regional companies were popping up throughout the country.
Today, there are many large companies offering next-day courier services, including City Link
Ltd. and UK divisions of worldwide couriers such as APC Overnight, FedEx, DHL, UPS and
TNT. There are many 'specialist' couriers usually for the transportation of items such as
freight/palettes, sensitive documents and liquids. The 'Man & Van'/Freelance courier business