cvs Physiology-of-cardiovascular-System.ppt

Physio of cvs

1. Physiology ofPhysiology of
Cardiovascular System of Cardiovascular System of
Domestic AnimalsDomestic Animals
Dr. Ravindra KumarDr. Ravindra Kumar

2. Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

BloodBlood

Vascular SystemVascular System ArteriesArteries
VeinsVeins
CapillariesCapillaries

HeartHeart

3. BloodBlood

Blood is red coloured semi liquid Blood is red coloured semi liquid
viscid fluid.viscid fluid.

Blood constitutes about 5 - 7% of Blood constitutes about 5 - 7% of
total body weighttotal body weight or or 2 - 3 litres/ 2 - 3 litres/
Sq.metre of Sq.metre of body surface areabody surface area of of
the animalthe animal

4. BloodBlood
CellularCellular Non – CellularNon – Cellular
ErythrocytesErythrocytes Serum/Serum/
LeukocytesLeukocytes PlasmaPlasma
ThrombocytesThrombocytes

5. Blood CompositionBlood Composition
Water Water --- 91 to 92%--- 91 to 92%
Solid matterSolid matter---8 to 9 %---8 to 9 %
Protein...7 %Protein...7 %
Fats ,fatty acids,cholesterol & Fats ,fatty acids,cholesterol & lecithin .lecithin .
Inorganic salts (0.9%)Na, K, CI, Inorganic salts (0.9%)Na, K, CI,
HCo3,Ca, Mg & Po4 and HCo3,Ca, Mg & Po4 and micro micro
minerals, Enzymes minerals, Enzymes and Hormones and Hormones
etc.etc.

6. Plasma Vs SerumPlasma Vs Serum
Plasma
Prothrombin &
Fibrinogen present
Serum
Prothrombin &
Fibrinogen absent

7. BLOOD COAGULATIONBLOOD COAGULATION
Blood is drawn , with out adding Blood is drawn , with out adding
anticoagulants clotting factors are anticoagulants clotting factors are
converted to active form to form a converted to active form to form a
clotclot. Semi-liquid state of blood is . Semi-liquid state of blood is
converted to gel like mass, of clot.converted to gel like mass, of clot.

Formation of thromboplastinFormation of thromboplastin

Formation of thrombinFormation of thrombin

Formation of fibrinFormation of fibrin

8. Formation of ThromboplastinFormation of Thromboplastin
Factor-VIII (AHG) + Factor III (Platelet) Factor-VIII (AHG) + Factor III (Platelet)
Intermediate product + AHF (Factor V )Intermediate product + AHF (Factor V )
Factor IVFactor IV FactorVII FactorVII

ThromboplastinThromboplastin

9. Formation of ThrombinFormation of Thrombin
ProthrombinProthrombin
ThromboplastinThromboplastin
ThrombinThrombin

Thromboplastin immediately acts on Thromboplastin immediately acts on
inactive prothrombin to convert it into inactive prothrombin to convert it into
thrombinthrombin

10. Formation of FibrinFormation of Fibrin
FibrinogenFibrinogen
ThrombinThrombin
FibrinFibrin
Polymerization of fibrin molecule to Polymerization of fibrin molecule to
form a clot in network & formed form a clot in network & formed
elements gets entrapped.elements gets entrapped.

11. Macfarline theory of blood Macfarline theory of blood
coagulationcoagulation
Intrinsic factorsIntrinsic factors
Factor XII / Hageman factor---activated to--> Factor XIIa Factor XII / Hageman factor---activated to--> Factor XIIa
Factor XI-------------XIIA acts---------------->XIa Factor XI-------------XIIA acts---------------->XIa
Factor IX--------------XIa----------------------> IXaFactor IX--------------XIa----------------------> IXa
Factor VIII--------------IXa-------------------------> VIII a Factor VIII--------------IXa-------------------------> VIII a
Factor X-----------VIIIa ------------> Xa (Thromboplastin)Factor X-----------VIIIa ------------> Xa (Thromboplastin)

12. Extrinsic FactorsExtrinsic Factors
Tissue Trauma
Tissue factor Tissue phospholipid
Factor X X
a

13. ErythrocytesErythrocytes
RBC’s Non- nucleated, biconcave or circular disc RBC’s Non- nucleated, biconcave or circular disc
shaped.shaped.
Average Diameter 4-7 Average Diameter 4-7 μ.μ.
In hypotonic solution RBC’s swells up and In hypotonic solution RBC’s swells up and
becomes ballon shaped and may even rupture becomes ballon shaped and may even rupture
leaving behind a mass of ipo_protein.leaving behind a mass of ipo_protein.
In hypertonic solution They shrink and appear In hypertonic solution They shrink and appear
crenated .crenated .

14. Theories about RBC StructureTheories about RBC Structure

Mass of sponge like material , in the Mass of sponge like material , in the
interstices of which , haemoglobin is fixed. interstices of which , haemoglobin is fixed.

RBC 'S are vesicles which enclose RBC 'S are vesicles which enclose
haemoglobin and other fluid material .haemoglobin and other fluid material .

RBC is a baloon like structure , outer of RBC is a baloon like structure , outer of
which is made up of lipo- protein, which which is made up of lipo- protein, which
encloses haemoglobin .encloses haemoglobin .

15. Erythrocytes are easily Erythrocytes are easily compressible compressible
elasticelastic in nature and due to this in nature and due to this
character they can easily pass character they can easily pass
through capillaries which have through capillaries which have
diameter less than erythrocytes.diameter less than erythrocytes.

16. ERYTHROPOIESISERYTHROPOIESIS
Sites of erythropoiesisSites of erythropoiesis

Prenatal Prenatal :Stem cells/Haemocytoblast are :Stem cells/Haemocytoblast are
present in bone marrow, yolk sac , spleen, present in bone marrow, yolk sac , spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes & liver. thymus, lymph nodes & liver.

After birthAfter birth :Bone Marrow, but after 20 :Bone Marrow, but after 20
Years of age large bones, almost stops Years of age large bones, almost stops
RBC production and is carried out by the RBC production and is carried out by the
ribs, Sternum.ribs, Sternum.

In Pathological conditionsIn Pathological conditions : liver and : liver and
spleen and rarely lymph nodes.spleen and rarely lymph nodes.

17. ERYTHROPOIESISERYTHROPOIESIS
Stem cells / hemoctoblastStem cells / hemoctoblast
Large basophyllic normoblastLarge basophyllic normoblast
small basophyllic normoblastsmall basophyllic normoblast
Polychromatophyllic erythroblastPolychromatophyllic erythroblast
Late non- dividing normoblastLate non- dividing normoblast
ReticulocytesReticulocytes
ErythrocytesErythrocytes

18. ERYTHROPOIESISERYTHROPOIESIS

Total time required for maturation of Total time required for maturation of
erythrocytes is 120 hours. erythrocytes is 120 hours.

Remains in circulation for 120 days.Remains in circulation for 120 days.

Normally 60 late normoblast are Normally 60 late normoblast are
produced per 1000 of proerythroblast produced per 1000 of proerythroblast
but during anemia production is but during anemia production is
reduced to 5- 6 cells per 1000 reduced to 5- 6 cells per 1000
proerythroblast.proerythroblast.

19. LeukopoiesisLeukopoiesis

Granulocytes Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils & BasophilsNeutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils

AgranulocytesAgranulocytes
Lymphocytes and MonocytesLymphocytes and Monocytes
Granulocytes are produced from bone marrow so Granulocytes are produced from bone marrow so
they are called as Myelocyte cells.they are called as Myelocyte cells.
Lymphocytes formed by the bone-marrow, & lymph Lymphocytes formed by the bone-marrow, & lymph
nodes, while monocytes origin is not certain but nodes, while monocytes origin is not certain but
mostly formed by spleen or lymph nodes.mostly formed by spleen or lymph nodes.
Leukocytic promoting factoLeukocytic promoting facto rr

20. Stem cellsStem cells
matures intomatures into
PromyelocytePromyelocyte
MyelocyteMyelocyte

21. TLC & DLCTLC & DLC

TLC (5-9 thousand/ul) TLC (5-9 thousand/ul)

cattle 5-12 thousand/cumm cattle 5-12 thousand/cumm

Bitch 9-15 thousand/cummBitch 9-15 thousand/cumm

NN 3-5 thousand/ul - 60-70% 3-5 thousand/ul - 60-70%

LL 1500-2000 in no. - 20-30% 1500-2000 in no. - 20-30%

EE 100-400 in no. - 2-4%100-400 in no. - 2-4%

M M 100-800 in no. - 2-8%100-800 in no. - 2-8%

B B 25-100 in no. - 0.5-2%25-100 in no. - 0.5-2%

22. SequestrationSequestration

Destruction of leukocytes by reticulo Destruction of leukocytes by reticulo
endothelial cells in lungs or lymph endothelial cells in lungs or lymph
nodes. nodes.

23. NeutrophilsNeutrophils

Neutrophils have bilobed, trilobed or tetralobed Neutrophils have bilobed, trilobed or tetralobed
nuclei, so they are called as polymorphs. nuclei, so they are called as polymorphs.
Cytoplasmic granules are very small in diameter, Cytoplasmic granules are very small in diameter,
that is 0.02 to 0.5 that is 0.02 to 0.5 . Diameter of neutrophils is . Diameter of neutrophils is
10-12 10-12  & they are amoeboid and phagocytic in & they are amoeboid and phagocytic in
character. Nucleus of each cell is divided into character. Nucleus of each cell is divided into
lobes or segments connected by filaments - called lobes or segments connected by filaments - called
as segmented cells. Neutrophils have ascorbic as segmented cells. Neutrophils have ascorbic
acid, glutathione, Histamine and number of acid, glutathione, Histamine and number of
enzymes like lipase, Protease, catalase, enzymes like lipase, Protease, catalase,
phosphatase, Nucleotidase etc.phosphatase, Nucleotidase etc.

In poultry Neutrophils are reffered as In poultry Neutrophils are reffered as
heterophils, its large fusiform bodies that takees heterophils, its large fusiform bodies that takees
eosin stain.eosin stain.

24. Band NeutrophilsBand Neutrophils

25. Band NeutrophilsBand Neutrophils

26. EosinophilsEosinophils

Cells with diameter of 10-12 Cells with diameter of 10-12 ..

Cytoplasmic granules with diameter of 0.7to1.2 Cytoplasmic granules with diameter of 0.7to1.2
. .

Nuclei is less lobulated than those of Nuclei is less lobulated than those of
neutrophils. motile and slightly phagocytic in neutrophils. motile and slightly phagocytic in
nature. Eosinophillia - allergy, anaphylactic nature. Eosinophillia - allergy, anaphylactic
shock and parasitic infestation conditions.shock and parasitic infestation conditions.

Eosinopaenia- stress related conditions, and Eosinopaenia- stress related conditions, and
due to ACTH inj. Epinephrine also causes due to ACTH inj. Epinephrine also causes
eosinopaenia through ACTH release.eosinopaenia through ACTH release.

28. BasophilsBasophils

Water soluble cytoplasmic granules, which Water soluble cytoplasmic granules, which
stains with alkaline dyes. Nuclei is stains with alkaline dyes. Nuclei is
bilobed. Diameter of basophils is 8-10 bilobed. Diameter of basophils is 8-10 
and cytoplasmic granules measures 0.5 to and cytoplasmic granules measures 0.5 to
1 1  in diameter. Phagocytic power is in diameter. Phagocytic power is
either very low or absent. It originates either very low or absent. It originates
from basophilic myelocytes of the bone from basophilic myelocytes of the bone
marrow.marrow.

29. LymphocytesLymphocytes

Small lymphocytesSmall lymphocytes are 7 are 7  in diameter in diameter
and have rounded compact nucleus, with and have rounded compact nucleus, with
very little cytoplasm around it. Life span is very little cytoplasm around it. Life span is
2-3 days & produced by lymph nodes.2-3 days & produced by lymph nodes.

Large lymphocytesLarge lymphocytes are 10-12 are 10-12  in in
diameter. Nuclear material is not as diameter. Nuclear material is not as
compact as in small lymphocytes. Its’ life compact as in small lymphocytes. Its’ life
span is 100-200 days and produced by span is 100-200 days and produced by
thymus mainly.thymus mainly.

30. 
Physiological function of lymphocytes Physiological function of lymphocytes
is phagocytosis, they engulf bacteria is phagocytosis, they engulf bacteria
and removes infection from body. and removes infection from body.
They also forms immunoblast, which They also forms immunoblast, which
is responsible for is responsible for
acceptance/rejection of grafted acceptance/rejection of grafted
tissue in the body. Long life span of tissue in the body. Long life span of
lymphocytes plays a major role in its lymphocytes plays a major role in its
production of immunoblast. production of immunoblast.
LymphopeniaLymphopenia is due to stress or is due to stress or
exogenous ACTH.exogenous ACTH.

31. MONOCYTESMONOCYTES

characterised by presence of kidney/Horse Shoe shaped characterised by presence of kidney/Horse Shoe shaped
nucleus, produced by spleen and undergoing mitotic nucleus, produced by spleen and undergoing mitotic
divisions, they matures into monocytes. Largest cells divisions, they matures into monocytes. Largest cells
present in circulation, with diameter of 16-22 present in circulation, with diameter of 16-22 ..

They may have slight pinkish cytoplasmic They may have slight pinkish cytoplasmic
granules, also known as granules, also known as histiocyteshistiocytes. Physiological . Physiological
function is phoyocytosis, they engulf bacteria and function is phoyocytosis, they engulf bacteria and
removes infection, thus acts as scavangers to brush removes infection, thus acts as scavangers to brush
aside any infection. aside any infection.

32. THROMBOCYTES/PLATELETSTHROMBOCYTES/PLATELETS

Thrombocytes are smallest formed elements present in Thrombocytes are smallest formed elements present in
circulation. Formed from stem cells present in bone circulation. Formed from stem cells present in bone
marrow and differentiates into megakaryoblast, marrow and differentiates into megakaryoblast,
measuring 20-40 measuring 20-40 . Before they emerges from . Before they emerges from
sinosoids, they extend their Pseudopods, therefore sinosoids, they extend their Pseudopods, therefore
pseudopods are nipped-off and released into pseudopods are nipped-off and released into
circulation. These are small, colourless, round or rod circulation. These are small, colourless, round or rod
shaped bodies circulating into blood. Average diameter shaped bodies circulating into blood. Average diameter
is 3 is 3 . In chicken they are nucleated and size is . In chicken they are nucleated and size is
relatively larger.relatively larger.

Life span of platelets is 8-11 days in circulationLife span of platelets is 8-11 days in circulation. .
Average concentration of platelets is 2.5 to 5 Average concentration of platelets is 2.5 to 5
lakhs/cubic mm. Their physiological function is that lakhs/cubic mm. Their physiological function is that
they helps in hemostasis by agglutination at injury they helps in hemostasis by agglutination at injury
site.site.