Data analysis

Data analysis

1. Data Analysis
Presented To:
Dr. Muhammad IjazMiraj
Presented By:
AleezaAhmad
M. Phil (LIS), 1
st
Semester
MinhajUniversity, Lahore

2. Contents
•Basics of the Topic
•Steps in the Process of Research
•Analyzing and Interpreting Data
•Steps Involved in Data Analysis
•Data Analysis Methods
•Data Analysis Research Methods
•Statistical Methods used for Analysis
•Selecting Among Tests of Significance
•Other Investigative Techniques
•Conclusion
•References

3. Basics of the Topic
•Research
•Data
•Data Analysis

4. Steps in the Process of Research
•Identifying the Research Problem
•Reviewing the Literature
•Selecting Participants/Samples
•Collecting Data
•Analyzing and Interpreting Data
•Reporting and Evaluating Research
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

5. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
•The researcher analyzes
▫The themes
▫General tendencies
•Provides Interpretations of the data

6. Steps involved in Data Analysis
•Before Data Collection
•After Data Collection

7. Before Data Collection
▫Determine the method of data analysis
▫Determine how to process the data
▫Consult a statistician
▫Prepare dummy tables

8. After Data Collection
▫Process the data
▫Prepare tables and graphs
▫Analyze and interpret findings
▫Consult again the statistician
▫Prepare for editing
▫Prepare for presentation

9. Data Analysis Methods
•Data analysis Research Methods
▫Qualitative data analysis
▫Quantitative data analysis
•Statistical Methods used for Analysis
▫Descriptive Statistics
▫Inferential Statistics

10. Qualitative Data Analysis
•QualitativeDataAnalysis(QDA)
▫Rangeofprocesses
▫Procedures
▫Movefromthequalitativedata
•QDAisusuallybasedonaninterpretativephilosophy.
•Theideais
▫Toexamine
Themeaningfulcontent
Symboliccontent
(http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php 24)

11. Process of Qualitative data Analysis

12. Quantitative Data Analysis
•Quantitativedataanalysis
▫Youareexpectedtoturnrawnumbersintomeaningfuldata
Throughtheapplicationofrationalandcriticalthinking.
•Quantitativedataanalysismayinclude
▫Calculationoffrequenciesofvariables
▫Differencesbetweenvariables
•Quantitativeapproachisusuallyassociated
▫Findingevidence
▫Hypotheses
(https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/data-analysis/quantitative-data-analysis/)

13. Stages of Quantitative data Analysis

14. Statistical Methods used for Analysis
•Two main statistical methods are used in data analysis:
(i) Descriptive Statistics
(ii) Inferential Statistics

15. Descriptive Data Analysis
•Descriptive Statistics deal with
▫Tabulation of data
▫Their presentation in
Tabular
Graphical
Pictorial form
▫Calculation of descriptive measures.
(Powell, R. at eil(2004). Basic research methods for librarians)

16. Types of Descriptive Data Analysis
•The major types of descriptive statistics are
Frequencies
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Variability
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Relationship
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

17. Step Involved
•Preparing Data for Analysis
•Tabulation and Coding Procedure
•Summarizing the Data
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

18. Inferential Analysis
•InferentialStatisticsareusedformakinginductivegeneralizations
▫Aboutpopulations
▫Basedonsampledata
▫Testinghypothesis
(Powell, R. at eil(2004). Basic research methods for librarians)
•Inferentialstatisticsaredataanalysistechniquesfordetermining
howlikelyitisthatresultsobtainedfromasampleorsamplesarethe
sameresultsthatwouldhavebeenobtainedfromtheentire
population.
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

19. Areas of Inferential Statistics
•There are two main areas of inferential statistics:
▫Estimating parameters.
▫Hypothesis tests.
(http://www.statisticshowto.com/inferential-statistics/)

20. Selecting Among Tests ofSignificance
•Parametric tests
•Nonparametric tests
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

21. Parametric Test: The tTest
•Thettestisused
▫Todeterminewhethertwogroupsofscoresaresignificantly
differentataselectedprobabilitylevel.
▫Thebasicstrategyofthettestistocomparetheactualdifference
betweenthemeansofthegroups(X1-X2)withthedifference
expectedbychanceifthenullhypothesis(i.e.,nodifference)is
true.Thisratioisknownasthetvalue.
•WecanuseExcel,SPSS,oravarietyofothersoftware
applicationstoconductattest.
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

22. Nonparametric tests: Chi Square
•Chisquare,isanonparametrictestofsignificanceappropriate.
•Itisusedtocomparefrequenciesoccurringindifferent
categoriesorgroups.
•Chisquareiscomputedbycomparingthefrequenciesofeach
variableobservedinastudytotheexpectedfrequencies..
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

23. Other Investigative Techniques
•Data Mining
•Factor Analysis
•Structural Equation Modeling
(Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research)

24. Conclusion
•The Analysis section tells the reader what occurred during the
experiment by explaining the graph and data table etc.
•A data analysis report summarizes the results of an experiment
based on the purpose of the study

25. References
•Gay, L. R., at el. (2012). Educational Research
•Powell, R. at eil(2004). Basic research methods for librarians
•http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/what_is_qda.php 24
•https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/data-analysis/quantitative-data-
analysis/
•http://www.statisticshowto.com/inferential-statistics/