Data collection tools and technique

the mention slide is related to the data collection tools and technique and the steps of data collection

1. Sushant Luitel Data Collection Tools & Technique and Steps of Data Collection 5/31/2021 1

2. Data and Data Collection Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through observation. Data collection is the process by which the researcher collect the information needed to answer the research problems. 5/31/2021 2

3. Types of data 1. By nature Qualitative Quantitative 2. By purpose of collection Primary Secondary 3. Sources of data/Origin of data Community Hospital / clinic Laboratory 5/31/2021 3

4. Primary Data The data collected for the first time are called primary data. The methods mostly used in collecting primary data are survey, observation and experiment. Generally, all these methods are not used in a same project, because they have both good and bad aspects. The question which method of primary data collection should be selected depends on the nature, time and cost. The m ethod should be selected according to the nature, time and cost. 5/31/2021 4

5. Secondary Data The data used once are called secondary data. It becomes much easier to collect secondary data than the primary ones. Secondary data can be collected from several sources. 5/31/2021 5

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7. Qualitative data Qualitative data are mostly non-numerical and usually descriptive or nominal in nature. This means the data collected are in the form of words and sentences. Often, such data captures feelings, emotions, or subjective perceptions of something. Qualitative approaches aim to address the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a program and tend to use unstructured methods of data collection to fully explore the topic. Qualitative questions are open-ended. Qualitative methods include focus groups, group discussions and interviews. They are, however, expensive and time consuming to implement 5/31/2021 7

8. Quantitative data Quantitative data is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed. Quantitative data measure uses different scales, which can be classified as nominal scale, ordinal scale, interval scale and ratio scale. Often, such data includes measurements of something. Quantitative approaches address the ‘what’ of the program. Quantitative approaches have the advantage that they are cheaper to implement, are standardized so comparisons can be easily made and the size of the effect can usually be measured. Quantitative approaches however are limited in their capacity for the investigation and explanation of similarities and unexpected differences 5/31/2021 8

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10. Requirement of data for the researcher Purpose/Objectives IndicatorsVariables Data Techniques & Tools 5/31/2021 10

11. Data collection Tools The instruments or aids that we use for the purpose of collecting and/or recording the data are called data collection tools. Questionnaire Observation checklist Guidelines (such as FGD guidelines, KII guideline etc) Survey etc 5/31/2021 11

12. TOOLS PREPARATION FOR DATA COLLECTION Data collected on tools like Qestionnaires or schedules. Objectives of the study to be kept in mind Type of participants, nature of information and method of analysis to kept in mind List of variables to be prepared Logical sequencing has to adopted 5/31/2021 12

13. Data Collection Techniques Data collection techniques allow us to systematically collect information about our objects of study (people, objects, phenomena) and about the settings in which they occur. In the collection of data we have to be systematic. If data are collected haphazardly, it will be difficult to answer our research questions in a conclusive way. 5/31/2021 13

14. Various data collection techniques can be used such as: Using available information Observing Interviewing (face-to-face) Administering written questionnaires Focus group discussions Social mapping 5/31/2021 14

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16. Questionnaire A questionnaire is a research instrument that consists of a set of questions or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from a respondent.  Often a questionnaire uses both open and closed questions to collect data. The data collected from a data collection questionnaire can be both qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. A verbatim response refers to what an interviewer records as an answer to an open-ended question when writing down the exact words spoken by the respondent which helps to give the qualitative information on research. 5/31/2021 16

17. Observation Observation method of information gathering is used by monitoring participants in a specific situation or environment at a given time and day. Basically, researchers observe the behaviour of the surrounding environments or people that are being studied. This type of study can be: Controlled Natural Participant 5/31/2021 17

18. Cont … Controlled observation is when the researcher uses a standardised procedure of observing participants or the environment. Natural observation is when participants are being observed in their natural conditions. Participant observation is where the researcher becomes part of the group being studied. 5/31/2021 18

19. Observation checklist An observation checklist is a set of questions that evaluate the performance and behavior of teachers and students in a classroom setting. Observation checklists assist an observer to identify skill gaps and problem areas to further improve teaching strategies, classroom settings, and student learning development. 5/31/2021 19

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21. Interview Interview is a qualitative method of data collection whose results are based on intensive engagement with respondents about a particular study. Usually, interviews are used in order to collect in-depth responses from the professionals being interviewed. Interview can be structured (formal), semi-structured or unstructured (informal). In essence, an interview method of data collection can be conducted through face-to-face meeting with the interviewees or through telephone. 5/31/2021 21

22. Key informant interviews Key informant interviews are qualitative in-depth interviews with people who know what is going on in the community. The purpose of key informant interviews is to collect information from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents who have first hand knowledge about the community. 5/31/2021 22

23. How to Conduct the Key Informant Interviews Formulate study questions. Prepare a short interview guide. Select key informants. Conduct interviews. Take adequate notes. Analyse interview data. Check for reliability and validity. 5/31/2021 23

24. Survey A survey is a research method used for collecting data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights into various topics of interest. They can have multiple purposes, and researchers can conduct it in many ways depending on the methodology chosen and the study’s goal. The process involves asking people for information through a questionnaire, which can be either online or offline. 5/31/2021 24

25. Focus Group Discussion A focus group discussion involves gathering people from similar. backgrounds or experiences together to discuss a specific topic of. Interest A focus group is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people who share similar characteristics or common interests. Focus groups are a qualitative data collection  method “perceptions attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas”, meaning that the data is descriptive and cannot be measured numerically. 5/31/2021 25

26. Cont … The common and simplest method for selecting participants for focus groups is called "purposive" or "convenience" sampling. This means that you select those members of the community who you think will provide you with the best information. 5/31/2021 26

27. Steps of Conducting Focus Group Discussion Step  1: Define the Purpose Step  2: Select the Participants and Leader Step  3: Manage the Atmospherics Step  4: Develop the Questions Step  5:  Conduct  the Session Step  6: Analyse the Results 5/31/2021 27

28. Social Mapping Social mapping is a visual method of showing the relative location of households and the distribution of different people together with the social structure, groups and organisations of an area. Social mapping is making visible what has been invisible for a very long time ( i.e the cultural and indigenous landscapes). It helps us understand histories and our sense of connection with them, and provides perspectives on the future. 5/31/2021 28

29. Steps to Data Collection Step  1: Clarify your  data collection  goals. Step  2: Develop operational definitions and procedures. Step  3: Validate the measurement system. Step  4: Begin  data collection . Step 5 : Continue improving measurement system and ensure people are following the  data collection  guidelines. 5/31/2021 29

30. The GATHER steps G= Greet clients in an open, respectful manner A= Ask clients about themselves and pay attention to what clients express T= Tell clients about the objectives of the interview H= Help clients about to choose their answer and give their opinion E= Explain fully about the survey and its benefits too. R= Return 5/31/2021 30

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