Data interpretation is the process of making sense out of collected data or finding relation of a collection of data that has been processed

Research methodology

1. Interpretation & Report Writing Manjunath S

2. Objectives INTERPRETATION OF STATISTICAL DATA Meaning of Interpretation Why Interpretation? Essentials for Interpretation Precautions in Interpretation Concluding Remarks on Interpretation Methods of Generalization Logical Method Statistical Method Statistical Fallacies Conclusions

3. Interpretation of data “Data interpretation is the process of making sense out of collected data or finding relation of a collection of data that has been processed” The following definitions can explain the meaning of interpretation . “The task of drawing conclusions or inferences and of explaining their significance after a careful analysis of selected data is known as interpretation”. “It is an inductive process , in which you make generalizations based on the connections and common aspects among the categories and patterns”. “Scientific interpretation seeks relationship between the data of a study and between the study findings and other scientific knowledge ”. “Interpretation in a simple way means the translation of a statistical result into an intelligible description ”.

4. Why Interpretation of data? T he usefulness and utility of research findings lie in proper interpretation. Researcher can expose relations and patterns that underlie his findings. To arrive at generalizations (in case of hypothesis). T o explain his findings on the basis of some theory (in case of no hypothesis) . Researcher can appreciate why his findings are what they are, and can make others understand the real significance of his research findings . Note: Interpretation is not a mechanical process. It calls for a critical examination of the results of one’s analysis in the light of all the limitations of data gathering . Some of the common and important bases of interpretation are: relationships, ratios, rates and percentages, averages and other measures of comparison.

5. Essentials of Interpretation of data Certain points should be kept in mind before proceeding to draw conclusions from statistics. It is essential that: The data are homogeneous: It is necessary to ascertain that the data are strictly comparable. We must be careful to compare the like with the like and not with the unlike. The data are adequate: Sometimes it happens that the data are incomplete or insufficient and it is neither possible to analyze them scientifically nor is it possible to draw any inference from them. Such data must be completed first. The data are suitable: Before considering the data for interpretation, the researcher must confirm the required degree of suitability of the data. Inappropriate data are like no data. Hence, no conclusion is possible with unsuitable data. The data are properly classified and tabulated: Every care is to be taken as a pre-requisite, to base all types of interpretations on systematically classified and properly tabulated data and information. The data are scientifically analyzed: Before drawing conclusions, it is necessary to analyze the data by applying scientific methods. Wrong analysis can play havoc with even the most carefully collected data.

6. Precautions in Interpretation of data The interpreter must be objective. The interpreter must understand the problem in its proper perspective. He / she must appreciate the relevance of various elements of the problem. See that all relevant, adequate and accurate data are collected. See that the data are properly classified and analyzed. Find out whether the data are subject to limitations? If so what are they? Guard against the sources of errors. Do not make interpretations that go beyond the information / data. Factual interpretation and personal interpretation should not be confused. They should be kept apart.

7. State whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) Heterogeneous data are strictly comparable ( ) Inappropriate data are like absence of data ( ) The interpretation should be subjective ( ) Interpretation is a mechanical process ( ) Interpretation can not proceed without analysis ( ) F T F F T

8. Generalization A generalization is a statement, the scope of which is wider than the available evidence . For example: A is a crow, it is black. B is a crow , it is black. C is a crow, it is also black. Therefore , it can be generalized that “all crows are black”. Similarly , all swans are white. All rose plants possess thorns etc., The process by which such generalizations are made is known as induction by simple enumeration.

9. Methods of Generalization Generalization Logical Method Statistical Method The Method of Agreement The Method of Difference Joint Method of Agreement and Difference The Method of Residues The Method of Concomitant Variation

10. Methods of Generalization Logical Method The Method of Agreement: This may be positive or negative. The method of agreement states that if two or more instances of a phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance is the cause or the effect of the given phenomenon. Example: A person gets pain in his eyes whenever he roams in the sun. Negatively, when he is under the shade he does not have pain. Generalization: Therefore, the cause for pain is roaming in the sun. The Method of Difference: This method is a combination of both positive and negative methods of agreement. In this method only two instances are required. The two instances resemble each other in every other respect, but differ in the absence or presence of the phenomenon observed. The circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or the cause. Example: A man is shot, he is wounded and dies. Here the wound is the only differentiating circumstance between the man who is alive and the man who is dead. Hence, death is caused by the wound. Generalization: Death is caused by the wound

11. Methods of Generalization Logical Method Joint Method of Agreement and Difference: This is a combination of the method of agreement and the method of difference. According to this method, we require two sets of instances. This method can be stated like this: If two or more instances in which the phenomenon occurs have only one circumstance in common, while two or more instances in which it does not occur have nothing in common, save the absence of that circumstance, the circumstance in which alone the two sets of instances differ, is the effect or the cause. E xample : A + B + C Produce X A + P + Q Produce X B + D + Non-A Produce Non-X P + H + Non-A Produce Non-X Generalization: A and X are causally connected.

12. Methods of Generalization Logical Method The Method of Residues: This method is based on the principle of elimination. The statement of this method is that, subtract from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents. Example: A loaded lorry weighs 11 tons. The dead weight of the lorry is 1 ton. The weight of load = 11 – 1 = 10 tons. Generalization: Loaded weight – Dead Weight = Weight of Load The Method of Concomitant Variation: This method can be stated as “whatever phenomenon varies in any manner, whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either the cause or the effect of that phenomenon or is connected with it. This method is quantitative in nature and needs statistical techniques for measurement. That is why it is also known as the method of quantitative induction, because we base our inference on quantitative change in the two factors and is applied as some form of correlation analysis. For example, if a brand's advertising expenditures have been cut in half and the brands sales fell, we may suspect that the reduced advertising support caused sales to fall.

13. Methods of Generalization Statistical Method Statistical Method Statistical method may be defined as “ the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data”. Thus statistical method involves four steps: Collection of Data: The facts pertaining to the problem under study are to be collected either by survey method or by observation method or by experiment or from a library. Presentation of Data: The data collected as to be processed by classification, tabulation and then be presented in a clear manner. Analysis of Data: The processed data then should be properly analyzed with the help of statistical tools, such as measures of central tendency, measures of variation, measures of sknewness , correlation, time series, index numbers etc. Interpretation of Data: The collected and analyzed data has to be interpreted. It involves explanation of facts and figures and drawing inferences and conclusions

14. Fill in the blanks with appropriate word (s) : Extending the conclusion from observed instances to unobserved instances is also called ____________. A conclusion is an inference based on ____________. Logical method proceeds on ____________ connections. Statistical method is ___________ based. i ) Generalization ii ) Findings iii) Casual iv ) Data

15. Statistical fallacies Statistical fallacies may arise at any stage – in the collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. The following are some of the S pecific examples illustrating how statistics can be misinterpreted, Sources of errors leading to false generalizations, Examples how fallacies arise in using statistical data and statistical methods. Bias , whether it is conscious or unconscious, is very common in statistical work and it leads to false generalizations. It is found that wrong interpretations are made want only to prove their point. Some times deliberately statistical information is twisted as to grind one’s own axe. Systematic error introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others Bias: Example: Select of students for NAC committee to interact with the experts. An engineering team is testing a new composite material intended for use in aircraft wings. The goal is to determine the failure rate of the material under different stress conditions.

16. Inconsistency in Definitions: Some times false conclusions are drawn because of failure to define properly the object being studied and hold that definition in mid for making comparisons. Inappropriate Comparisons: Comparisons between two things can not be made unless they are really alike. Unfortunately, this point is generally forgotten and comparisons are made between two dissimilar things, thereby, leading to fallacious conclusions. For example, the cost of living index of Bangalore is 150 (with base year 1999) and that of Hyderabad is 155 (with base 1995). Therefore, Hyderabad is a costlier city than Bangalore city. This conclusion is misleading as the base years of the Indices are different. Statistical fallacies

17. Statistical fallacies Faulty Generalizations: Many a time people jump to conclusions or generalizations on the basis of either too small a sample or a sample that is not representative of the population. Example : If a foreigner came to Delhi and his purse was stolen by a pick pocket and he comments that there is no safety and security for foreigners in India. This is not true as thousands of foreigners come to India. They are safe and secure. Some times the sample size may be adequate but not representative. Drawing Wrong Inferences: Some times wrong inferences may be drawn from the data. Example: The population of a town has doubled in 10 years. From this it is interpreted that the birth rate in the town has doubled. Obviously, this is a wrong inference, as the population of the town can double in many ways than doubling of birth rate only Example: Exodus from villages, migration from other places etc.

18. Statistical fallacies Misuse of Statistical Tools: The various tools of analysis such as measures of central tendency, measures of variation, measures of correlation, ratios, percentages etc., are very often misused to present information in such a manner as to convince the public or to camouflage things. Example: In a company there are 1,00,000 shares and 1,000 share holders. The company claims that their shares are well distributed as the average share holding is 100. But a close scrutiny reveals that 10 persons hold 90,000 shares where as 990 persons hold 10,000 shares, average being about 10. Similarly, range can be misused to exaggerate disparities. For example, in a factory the wages may range between Rs.1,000 to Rs.1,500 a month and the Manager gets Rs.20,000 a month. It is reported that the earnings of their employees range from Rs.1,000 to Rs.20,000.

19. Statistical fallacies Failure to Comprehend the Data: Very often figures are interpreted without comprehending the total background of the data and it may lead to wrong conclusions. For example, see the following interpretations: The death rate in the army is 9 per thousand, where as in the city of Delhi it is 15 per thousand. Therefore , it is safer to be in the army than in the city. Most of the patients who were admitted in the intensive care (IC) ward of a hospital died. Therefore , it is unsafe to be admitted to intensive care ward in that hospital.

20. Point out the ambiguity or mistake in the following statements: The population of a State has doubled during the last 10 years. Hence, The birth rate has also doubled. The Gross profit to sales ratio of a company was 20% in 2002 and was 15% in 2003. Hence, the stock must have been undervalued . The output in a factory was 3,000 tons in August 2003 and 2,800 tons in September 2003. So the workers were more efficient in August . 90 % of the people who take whisky die before reaching the age of 80years. Therefore, whisky is bad for health.

21. Report Writing

22. Objectives Purpose of a Report Meaning Types of Reports Stages in Preparation of a Report Characteristics of a Good Report Structure of the Research Report Check List for the Report

23. Purpose of the report Thus , the purpose of a report is to convey to the interested persons the results and findings of the study in sufficient detail, and so arranged as to enable each reader to comprehend the data, and to determine for himself the validity of conclusions. Research results must invariably enter the general store of knowledge. A research report is always an addition to knowledge. Academics: Reports are used for comprehensive and application-oriented learning. Organizations: Reports form the basis for decision making.

24. Meaning of the report Reporting simply means communicating or informing through reports. The researcher has collected some facts and figures, analyzed the same and arrived at certain conclusions. He has to inform or report the same to the parties interested. Therefore “ reporting is communicating the facts, data and information through reports to the persons for whom such facts and data are collected and compiled ”. A report is not a complete description of what has been done during the period of survey/research. It is only a statement of the most significant facts that are necessary for understanding the conclusions drawn by the investigator. Thus, “ a report by definition, is simply an account ”. The report thus is an account describing the procedure adopted, the findings arrived at and the conclusions drawn by the investigator of a problem .

25. TYPES OF REPORTS Reports Oral Written R eporting verbally in person Example : Presenting the findings reporting orally to the superiors. DAC Conference Seminar Sentence form reports : Communicating in sentence form Tabular reports : Communicating through figures in tables Graphic reports : Communicating through graphs and diagrams Combined reports : Communicating using all the three of the above. Generally, this is the most popular In each individual case, both the length and the form are largely dictated by the purpose of the study and problems at hand. Example: Business organizations generally prefer reports in letter form, that too short in length . Banks, insurance and other financial institutions generally prefer figure form in tables . The reports prepared by government bureaus , enquiry commissions etc., are generally very comprehensive on the issues involved. Similarly research theses/dissertations usually prepared by students for Ph.D. degree are also elaborate and methodical . Reports can be of multiple ways and they are

26. Technical Report: A technical report is used whenever a full written report (ex: Ph.D. thesis) of the study is required either for Evaluation Record keeping Public dissemination. The main emphasis in a technical report is on : The methodology employed. T he objectives of the study. The assumptions made / hypotheses formulated in the course of the study. How and from what sources the data are collected and how have the data been analyzed . The detailed presentation of the findings with evidence, and their limitations. TYPES OF REPORTS Popular Report: A popular report is one which gives emphasis on simplicity and attractiveness . Its aim is to make the general public understand the findings and implications . Generally, it is simple. Simplicity is sought to be achieved through clear language and minimization of technical details . A ttention of the readers is sought to be achieved through attractive layout, liberal use of graphs, charts, diagrams and pictures . In a popular report emphasis is given on practical aspects and policy implications.

27. TYPES OF REPORTS Research Article: Some times the findings of a research study can be published in the form of a short paper called an article. This is one form of dissemination. The research papers are generally prepared either to present in seminars and conferences or to publish in research journals. Since one of the objectives of doing research is to make a positive contribution to knowledge, in the field, publication (publicity) of the work serves the purpose.

28. TYPES OF REPORTS Monograph: Monographs are detailed written studies or books focused on a single specialized subject or an aspect of a subject. They are typically longer than research articles and provide a comprehensive examination of their topics. Monographs are often used to present the results of extensive research and can be published as standalone works . Journalistic Report: Reports prepared by journalists for publication in the media may be journalistic reports . These reports have news and information value. Business Report: A business report may be defined as report for business communication from one departmental head to another, one functional area to another, or even from top to bottom in the organizational structure on any specific aspect of business activity. These are observational reports which facilitate business decisions. Project Report: A project report is the report on a project undertaken by an individual or a group of individuals relating to any functional area or any segment of a functional area or any aspect of business, industry or society. Dissertation: A dissertation , on the other hand, is a detailed discourse or report on the subject of study . Dissertations are generally used as documents to be submitted for the acquisition of higher research degrees from a university or an academic institution . Enquiry Report (Commission Report ): An enquiry report or a commission of enquiry report is a detailed report prepared by a commission appointed for the specific purpose of conducting a detailed study of any matter of dispute or of a subject requiring greater insight . These reports facilitate action, since they contain expert opinions .

29. Scope and Depth: Monographs provide a more comprehensive and detailed treatment of a subject than research articles. Length: Monographs are much longer and often resemble books, while research articles are shorter. Structure: Monographs have a book-like structure with multiple chapters, whereas research articles follow a more concise format. Purpose: Research articles aim to present specific new findings, while monographs aim to provide an exhaustive examination of a broader topic. Publication: Research articles are published in journals, whereas monographs are published as standalone works or books. Research Articles v/s Monograph

30. STAGES IN PREPARATION OF A REPORT Research reports are the product of slow and painstaking and accurate work. Therefore, the preparation of the report may be viewed in the following major stages. The logical understanding and analysis of the subject matter: Logical Understanding of the Subject Matter: It is the first stage which is primarily concerned with the development of a subject. There are two ways to develop a subject viz. a. logically and b. chronologically. The logical development is done on the basis of mental connections and associations between one aspect and another by means of logical analysis. Logical treatment often consists of developing material from the simple to the most complex . Chronological development is based on a connection or sequence in time or happening of the events. The directions for doing something usually follow the chronological order. 2) Planning/designing the final outline of the report. Designing the Final Outline of the Report: It is the second stage in writing the report. Having understood the subject matter, the next stage is structuring the report and ordering the parts and sketching them. This stage can also be called as planning and organization stage. Ideas may pass through the author’s mind . Unless he first makes his plan/sketch/design he will be unable to achieve a harmonious succession and will not even know where to begin and how to end . Better communication of research results is partly a matter of language but mostly a matter of planning and organizing the report .

31. STAGES IN PREPARATION OF A REPORT 3) Write up/preparation of rough draft. Preparation of the Rough Draft: The third stage is the write up/drafting of the report. This is the most crucial stage to the researcher, as he/she now sits to write down what he/she has done in his/her research study and what and how he/she wants to communicate the same. Here the clarity in communicating/reporting is influenced by some factors such as who the readers are , how technical the problem is, the researcher’s hold over the facts and techniques , the researcher’s command over language (his communication skills ), the data and completeness of his notes and documentation and the availability of analyzed results. Depending on the above factors some authors may be able to write the report with one or two drafts. Some people who have less command over language, no clarity about the problem and subject matter may take more time for drafting the report and have to prepare more drafts ( first draft , second draft, third draft, fourth draft etc.,) 4) Polishing/finalization of the Report. This is the last stage, perhaps the most difficult stage of all formal writing. It is easy to build the structure, but it takes more time for polishing and giving finishing touches. Take for example the construction of a house. Up to roofing (structure) stage the work is very quick but by the time the building is ready, it takes up a lot of time. The rough draft (whether it is second draft or ‘n’ th draft ) has to be rewritten, polished in terms of requirements. The careful revision of the rough draft makes the difference between a mediocre and a good piece of writing. While polishing and finalizing one should check the report for its weaknesses in logical development of the subject and presentation cohesion. He/she should also check the mechanics of writing — language, usage, grammar, spelling and punctuation.

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD REPORT Research report is a channel of communicating the research findings to the readers of the report. A good report is one which does this task efficiently and effectively. As such it should have the following characteristics/qualities. It must be clear in informing the what, why, who, whom, when, where and how of the research study. It should be neither too short nor too long. One should keep in mind the fact that it should be long enough to cover the subject matter but short enough to sustain the reader’s interest. It should be written in an objective style and simple language, correctness, precision and clarity should be the watchwords of the scholar. Wordiness, indirection and pompous language are barriers to communication. A good report must combine clear thinking, logical organization and sound interpretation. It should not be dull. It should be such as to sustain the reader’s interest. It must be accurate. Accuracy is one of the requirements of a report. It should be factual with objective presentation. Exaggerations and superlatives should be avoided. Clarity is another requirement of presentation. It is achieved by using familiar words and unambiguous statements, explicitly defining new concepts and unusual terms. Coherence is an essential part of clarity. There should be logical flow of ideas (i.e. continuity of thought), sequence of sentences. Each sentence must be so linked with other sentences so as to move the thoughts smoothly.

33. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD REPORT Readability is an important requirement of good communication. Even a technical report should be easily understandable. Technicalities should be translated into language understandable by the readers. A research report should be prepared according to the best composition practices. Ensure readability through proper paragraphing, short sentences, illustrations, examples, section headings, use of charts, graphs and diagrams. Draw sound inferences/conclusions from the statistical tables. But don’t repeat the tables in text (verbal) form. Footnote references should be in proper form. The bibliography should be reasonably complete and in proper form. The report must be attractive in appearance, neat and clean whether typed or printed. The report should be free from mistakes of all types viz. language mistakes, factual mistakes, spelling mistakes, calculation mistakes etc.,

34. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH REPORT

35. The various preliminaries to be included in the front pages of the report are briefly narrated hereunder: Title Page: The first page of the report is the title page. The title page should carry a concise and adequately descriptive title of the research study, the name of the author, the name of the institution to whom it is submitted, the date of presentation. Approval Sheet: If a certificate of approval is required either from the research supervisor or from the institution which provided the research facilities, it must be given. Researcher’s Declaration: Generally the researcher has to declare/certify that it is his/her bonafide and original work done by him/her. Dedication: If the author wants to dedicate the work to whom soever he/she likes, he/she may do so. Preface or Acknowledgements: A preface includes the background and reasons for the study. This is an appropriate place for him/her to make acknowledgements also. But if the researcher has opted to discuss the significance, reasons of the study else where in the report he/she may not write ‘preface’. But he/she may use the page for only acknowledgements. In acknowledgements the researcher acknowledges the assistance and support received from individuals and organizations in conducting the research. It is intended to express his/her gratitude to them. Prefactory Items

36. Table of Contents: A table of contents gives an outline of the contents of the report. It contains a list of the chapters and their titles with page numbers. It facilitates easy location of topics in the report. The chapter headings may be typed with capital letters. List of Tables: The researcher must have collected lot of data and analyzed the same and presented in the form of tables. These tables may be listed chapter wise and the list be presented with page numbers for easy location and reference. List of Graphs/Charts/Figures: If there are many graphs and charts they should also be listed with page numbers, after the list of tables separately. List of Cases/Exhibits: If there are many cases/exhibits they should also be listed. Abstract: An abstract is a synopsis. It should be as brief as possible and run about one or two pages. It is placed at the prefactory part of the report so that a reader can get a quick over view of the report. It contains a brief and precise statement of the purpose and a bare summary of the findings or the results of the study. Prefactory Items

37. The Text/Body of the Report After the preliminary items, the body of the report is presented. It is the major and main part of the report. It consists of the text and context chapters of the study. Normally the body may be divided into 3 (three) parts. Generally this is the first chapter in the body of the report. It is devoted introducing the theoretical background of the problem and the methodology adopted for attacking the problem. It may consist of the following aspects: Significance and justification of the topic. Theoretical background of the topic. Statement of the problem. Review of literature. Objectives of the study. Hypotheses to be tested. Definition of special terms, concepts and units of study. Scope of the study – geographical scope i.e. area/places to be covered, content, scope i.e., aspects to be included / excluded. Period of study i.e., reference period. Sources of data i.e., primary or secondary or both. Methods of data collection i.e., sample or census. Sampling design. Data collection instruments . Field work. Data processing and analysis plan. Limitations of the study, if any. An over view of the report i.e., chapter plan.

38. Description and Discussion of Evidence This is the major and main part of the report. It is divided into several chapters depending upon the number of objectives of the study, each being devoted to presenting the results pertaining to some aspect. The chapters should be well balanced, mutually related and arranged in logical sequence. The results should be reported as accurately and completely as possible explaining as to their bearing on the research questions and hypotheses. Each chapter should be given an appropriate heading. Depending upon the need, a chapter may also be divided into sections. The entire verbal presentation should run in an independent stream and must be written according to best composition rules. Each chapter should end with a summary and lead into the next chapter with a smooth transition sentence.

39. Terminal Items This section follows the text. First comes the appendices section, then the bibliography and glossary. Each section is separated by a divider page on which only the words APPENDICES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, or GLOSSARY all in capital letters appear. Appendices What goes into an Appendix: Supplementary or secondary references are put in the appendices section. But all primary reference material of immediate importance to the reader is incorporated in the text. The appendices help the author to authenticate the thesis and help the reader to check the data. The material that is usually put in the appendices is indicated below: 1) Original data 2) Long tables 3) Long quotations 4) Supportive legal decisions, laws and documents 5) Illustrative material 6) Extensive computations 7) Questionnaires and letters 8) Schedules or forms used in collecting data 9) Case studies / histories 10) Transcripts of interviews

40. 2) Bibliographies Positioning of the Bibliography: The bibliography comes after the appendices section and is separated from it by a division sheet written BIBLIOGRAPHY. It is listed as a major section in all capital letters in the table of contents. A bibliography contains the source of every reference cited in the footnote and any other relevant works that the author has consulted. It gives the reader an idea of the literature available on the subject that has influenced or aided the author. Bibliographical Information: The following information must be given for each bibliographical reference.

41. Glossary What is a Glossary: A glossary is a short dictionary giving definitions and examples of terms and phrases which are technical, used in a special connotation by the author, unfamiliar to the reader, or foreign to the language in which the book is written. It is listed as a major section in capital letters in the table of contents. Positioning of a Glossary: The glossary appears after the bibliography. It may also appear in the introductory pages of a book after the lists of tables and illustrations. Order of Listing: Items are listed in alphabetical order. Index may be either subject index or author index. Author index consists of important names of persons discussed in the report, arranged in alphabetical order. Subject index includes a detailed reference to all important matters discussed in the report such as places, events, definitions, concepts etc., and presented in alphabetical order. Index is not generally included in graduate / post graduate students research reports. However, if the report is prepared for publication or intended as a work of reference, an index is desirable. Index

42. CHECK LIST FOR THE REPORT Is the ‘title’ of the report accurately describing the content? Is the scope of the study limited? Is the research problem properly defined or specified? Are the objectives of the study conceived well? Have they been achieved? Are hypotheses made explicit? Has the plan of research been presented in detail? Were appropriate methods and techniques chosen to test the hypotheses? Whether all the pertinent data has been collected? Have the data been classified logically and analyzed intelligently? Is the presentation of arguments clear and logical?

43. CHECK LIST FOR THE REPORT Has an objective and open-minded attitude been maintained through out the study? Have the limitations of data, methods, results been spelt out? Are the previous works on this problem reviewed in the report? Is the chapterization logical? Were the rules of composition properly followed? Are the forms of presentation — textual, tabular, graphic, properly used? Does the summary really summarize? Are the quotations and other references relevant? Is the bibliography complete and correct? Are you able to convey what you mean? Can’t the report be further improved? No. That means, it is the best.

44. References V.P . Michael, Research Methodology in Management, Himalaya Publishing House , Bombay. O.R . Krishna Swamy , Methodology of Research in Social Sciences, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. C.R . Kothari, Research Methodology, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi Berenson , Conrad and Raymond Cotton, Research and Report Writing for Business and Economics, Random House, New York.

45. Thank You