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DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS

DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Raghu Ramakr ishnan
Univer sity of W isconsin
Madison, W isconsin, USA
Johannes Gehrke
Cor nell Univer sity
Ithaca, New Yor k, USA
Third Edition
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

abc

To Apu, Ketan, and Vivek with love
To Keiko and Elisa

CONTENTS
PREFACE xxiv
Part I FOUNDATIONS 1
1 OVERVIEW OF DATABASE SYSTEMS 3
1.1 Managing Data 4
1.2 A Historical Persp ective 6
1.3 File Systems versus a DBMS 8
1.4 Advantages of a DBMS 9
1.5 Describing and Storing Data in a DBMS 10
1.5.1 The Relational Mo del 11
1.5.2 Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS 12
1.5.3 Data Indep endence 15
1.6 Queries in a DBMS 16
1.7 Transaction Management 17
1.7.1 Concurrent Execution of Transactions 17
1.7.2 Incomplete Transactions and System Crashes 18
1.7.3 Points to Note 19
1.8 Structure of a DBMS 19
1.9 People Who Work with Databases 21
1.10 Review Questions 22
2 INTRODUCTION TO DATABASE DESIGN 25
2.1 Database Design and ER Diagrams 26
2.1.1 Beyond ER Design 27
2.2 Entities, Attributes, and Entity Sets 28
2.3 Relationships and Relationship Sets 29
2.4 Additional Features of the ER Mo del 32
2.4.1 Key Constraints 32
2.4.2 Participation Constraints 34
2.4.3 Weak Entities 35
2.4.4 Class Hierarchies 37
2.4.5 Aggregation 39
vii

viii Database Management Systems
2.5 Conceptual Design With the ER Mo del 40
2.5.1 Entity versus Attribute 41
2.5.2 Entity versus Relationship 42
2.5.3 Binary versus Ternary Relationships 43
2.5.4 Aggregation versus Ternary Relationships 45
2.6 Conceptual Design for Large Enterprises 46
2.7 The Uniﬁed Mo deling Language 47
2.8 Case Study: The Internet Shop 49
2.8.1 Requirements Analysis 49
2.8.2 Conceptual Design 50
2.9 Review Questions 51
3 THE RELATIONAL MODEL 57
3.1 Intro duction to the Relational Mo del 59
3.1.1 Creating and Mo difying Relations Using SQL 62
3.2 Integrity Constraints over Relations 63
3.2.1 Key Constraints 64
3.2.2 Foreign Key Constraints 66
3.2.3 General Constraints 68
3.3 Enforcing Integrity Constraints 69
3.3.1 Transactions and Constraints 72
3.4 Querying Relational Data 73
3.5 Logical Database Design: ER to Relational 74
3.5.1 Entity Sets to Tables 75
3.5.2 Relationship Sets (without Constraints) to Tables 76
3.5.3 Translating Relationship Sets with Key Constraints 78
3.5.4 Translating Relationship Sets with Participation Constraints 79
3.5.5 Translating Weak Entity Sets 82
3.5.6 Translating Class Hierarchies 83
3.5.7 Translating ER Diagrams with Aggregation 84
3.5.8 ER to Relational: Additional Examples 85
3.6 Intro duction to Views 86
3.6.1 Views, Data Indep endence, Security 87
3.6.2 Up dates on Views 88
3.7 Destroying/Altering Tables and Views 91
3.8 Case Study: The Internet Store 92
3.9 Review Questions 94
4 RELATIONAL ALGEBRA AND CALCULUS 100
4.1 Preliminaries 101
4.2 Relational Algebra 102
4.2.1 Selection and Pro jection 103
4.2.2 Set Op erations 104

Contents ix
4.2.3 Renaming 106
4.2.4 Joins 107
4.2.5 Division 109
4.2.6 More Examples of Algebra Queries 110
4.3 Relational Calculus 116
4.3.1 Tuple Relational Calculus 117
4.3.2 Domain Relational Calculus 122
4.4 Expressive Power of Algebra and Calculus 124
4.5 Review Questions 126
5 SQL: QUERIES, CONSTRAINTS, TRIGGERS 130
5.1 Overview 131
5.1.1 Chapter Organization 132
5.2 The Form of a Basic SQL Query 133
5.2.1 Examples of Basic SQL Queries 138
5.2.2 Expressions and Strings in the SELECT Command 139
5.3 UNION, INTERSECT, and EXCEPT 141
5.4 Nested Queries 144
5.4.1 Intro duction to Nested Queries 145
5.4.2 Correlated Nested Queries 147
5.4.3 Set-Comparison Op erators 148
5.4.4 More Examples of Nested Queries 149
5.5 Aggregate Op erators 151
5.5.1 The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses 154
5.5.2 More Examples of Aggregate Queries 158
5.6 Null Values 162
5.6.1 Comparisons Using Null Values 163
5.6.2 Logical Connectives AND, OR, and NOT 163
5.6.3 Impact on SQL Constructs 163
5.6.4 Outer Joins 164
5.6.5 Disallowing Null Values 165
5.7 Complex Integrity Constraints in SQL 165
5.7.1 Constraints over a Single Table 165
5.7.2 Domain Constraints and Distinct Typ es 166
5.7.3 Assertions: ICs over Several Tables 167
5.8 Triggers and Active Databases 168
5.8.1 Examples of Triggers in SQL 169
5.9 Designing Active Databases 171
5.9.1 Why Triggers Can Be Hard to Understand 171
5.9.2 Constraints versus Triggers 172
5.9.3 Other Uses of Triggers 172
5.10 Review Questions 173

x Database Management Systems
Part I I APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
183
6 DATABASE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT 185
6.1 Accessing Databases from Applications 187
6.1.1 Emb edded SQL 187
6.1.2 Cursors 189
6.1.3 Dynamic SQL 194
6.2 An Intro duction to JDBC 194
6.2.1 Architecture 196
6.3 JDBC Classes and Interfaces 197
6.3.1 JDBC Driver Management 197
6.3.2 Connections 198
6.3.3 Executing SQL Statements 200
6.3.4 ResultSets 201
6.3.5 Exceptions and Warnings 203
6.3.6 Examining Database Metadata 204
6.4 SQLJ 206
6.4.1 Writing SQLJ Co de 207
6.5 Stored Pro cedures 209
6.5.1 Creating a Simple Stored Pro cedure 209
6.5.2 Calling Stored Pro cedures 210
6.5.3 SQL/PSM 212
6.6 Case Study: The Internet Bo ok Shop 214
6.7 Review Questions 216
7 INTERNET APPLICATIONS 220
7.1 Intro duction 220
7.2 Internet Concepts 221
7.2.1 Uniform Resource Identiﬁers 221
7.2.2 The Hyp ertext Transfer Proto col (HTTP) 223
7.3 HTML Do cuments 226
7.4 XML Do cuments 227
7.4.1 Intro duction to XML 228
7.4.2 XML DTDs 231
7.4.3 Domain-Sp eciﬁc DTDs 234
7.5 The Three-Tier Application Architecture 236
7.5.1 Single-Tier and Client-Server Architectures 236
7.5.2 Three-Tier Architectures 239
7.5.3 Advantages of the Three-Tier Architecture 241
7.6 The Presentation Layer 242
7.6.1 HTML Forms 242
7.6.2 JavaScript 245
7.6.3 Style Sheets 247

Contents xi
7.7 The Middle Tier 251
7.7.1 CGI: The Common Gateway Interface 251
7.7.2 Application Servers 252
7.7.3 Servlets 254
7.7.4 JavaServer Pages 256
7.7.5 Maintaining State 258
7.8 Case Study: The Internet Bo ok Shop 261
7.9 Review Questions 264
Part I I I STORAGE AND INDEXING 271
8 OVERVIEW OF STORAGE AND INDEXING 273
8.1 Data on External Storage 274
8.2 File Organizations and Indexing 275
8.2.1 Clustered Indexes 277
8.2.2 Primary and Secondary Indexes 277
8.3 Index Data Structures 278
8.3.1 Hash-Based Indexing 279
8.3.2 Tree-Based Indexing 280
8.4 Comparison of File Organizations 282
8.4.1 Cost Mo del 283
8.4.2 Heap Files 284
8.4.3 Sorted Files 285
8.4.4 Clustered Files 287
8.4.5 Heap File with Unclustered Tree Index 288
8.4.6 Heap File With Unclustered Hash Index 289
8.4.7 Comparison of I/O Costs 290
8.5 Indexes and Performance Tuning 291
8.5.1 Impact of the Workload 292
8.5.2 Clustered Index Organization 292
8.5.3 Comp osite Search Keys 295
8.5.4 Index Sp eciﬁcation in SQL:1999 299
8.6 Review Questions 299
9 STORING DATA: DISKS AND FILES 304
9.1 The Memory Hierarchy 305
9.1.1 Magnetic Disks 306
9.1.2 Performance Implications of Disk Structure 308
9.2 Redundant Arrays of Indep endent Disks 309
9.2.1 Data Striping 310
9.2.2 Redundancy 311
9.2.3 Levels of Redundancy 312
9.2.4 Choice of RAID Levels 316

xii Database Management Systems
9.3 Disk Space Management 316
9.3.1 Keeping Track of Free Blo cks 317
9.3.2 Using OS File Systems to Manage Disk Space 317
9.4 Buﬀer Manager 318
9.4.1 Buﬀer Replacement Policies 320
9.4.2 Buﬀer Management in DBMS versus OS 322
9.5 Files of Records 324
9.5.1 Implementing Heap Files 324
9.6 Page Formats 326
9.6.1 Fixed-Length Records 327
9.6.2 Variable-Length Records 328
9.7 Record Formats 330
9.7.1 Fixed-Length Records 331
9.7.2 Variable-Length Records 331
9.8 Review Questions 333
10 TREE-STRUCTURED INDEXING 338
10.1 Intuition For Tree Indexes 339
10.2 Indexed Sequential Access Metho d (ISAM) 341
10.2.1 Overﬂow Pages, Lo cking Considerations 344
10.3 B+ Trees: A Dynamic Index Structure 344
10.3.1 Format of a No de 346
10.4 Search 347
10.5 Insert 348
10.6 Delete 352
10.7 Duplicates 356
10.8 B+ Trees in Practice 358
10.8.1 Key Compression 358
10.8.2 Bulk-Loading a B+ Tree 360
10.8.3 The Order Concept 363
10.8.4 The Eﬀect of Inserts and Deletes on Rids 364
10.9 Review Questions 364
11 HASH-BASED INDEXING 370
11.1 Static Hashing 371
11.1.1 Notation and Conventions 373
11.2 Extendible Hashing 373
11.3 Linear Hashing 379
11.4 Extendible vs. Linear Hashing 384
11.5 Review Questions 385
Part IV QUERY EVALUATION 391

Contents xiii
12 OVERVIEW OF QUERY EVALUATION
393
12.1 The System Catalog 394
12.1.1 Information in the Catalog 395
12.2 Intro duction to Op erator Evaluation 397
12.2.1 Three Common Techniques 398
12.2.2 Access Paths 398
12.3 Algorithms for Relational Op erations 400
12.3.1 Selection 401
12.3.2 Pro jection 401
12.3.3 Join 402
12.3.4 Other Op erations 404
12.4 Intro duction to Query Optimization 404
12.4.1 Query Evaluation Plans 405
12.4.2 Multi-op erator Queries: Pip elined Evaluation 407
12.4.3 The Iterator Interface 408
12.5 Alternative Plans: A Motivating Example 409
12.5.1 Pushing Selections 409
12.5.2 Using Indexes 411
12.6 What a Typical Optimizer Do es 414
12.6.1 Alternative Plans Considered 414
12.6.2 Estimating the Cost of a Plan 416
12.7 Review Questions 417
13 EXTERNAL SORTING 421
13.1 When Do es a DBMS Sort Data? 422
13.2 A Simple Two-Way Merge Sort 423
13.3 External Merge Sort 424
13.3.1 Minimizing the Numb er of Runs 428
13.4 Minimizing I/O Cost versus Numb er of I/Os 430
13.4.1 Blo cked I/O 430
13.4.2 Double Buﬀering 432
13.5 Using B+ Trees for Sorting 433
13.5.1 Clustered Index 433
13.5.2 Unclustered Index 434
13.6 Review Questions 436
14 EVALUATING RELATIONAL OPERATORS 439
14.1 The Selection Op eration 441
14.1.1 No Index, Unsorted Data 441
14.1.2 No Index, Sorted Data 442
14.1.3 B+ Tree Index 442
14.1.4 Hash Index, Equality Selection 444
14.2 General Selection Conditions 444

xiv Database Management Systems
14.2.1 CNF and Index Matching 445
14.2.2 Evaluating Selections without Disjunction 445
14.2.3 Selections with Disjunction 446
14.3 The Pro jection Op eration 447
14.3.1 Pro jection Based on Sorting 448
14.3.2 Pro jection Based on Hashing 449
14.3.3 Sorting Versus Hashing for Pro jections 451
14.3.4 Use of Indexes for Pro jections 452
14.4 The Join Op eration 452
14.4.1 Nested Lo ops Join 454
14.4.2 Sort-Merge Join 458
14.4.3 Hash Join 463
14.4.4 General Join Conditions 467
14.5 The Set Op erations 468
14.5.1 Sorting for Union and Diﬀerence 469
14.5.2 Hashing for Union and Diﬀerence 469
14.6 Aggregate Op erations 469
14.6.1 Implementing Aggregation by Using an Index 471
14.7 The Impact of Buﬀering 471
14.8 Review Questions 472
15 A TYPICAL RELATIONAL QUERY OPTIMIZER 478
15.1 Translating SQL Queries into Algebra 479
15.1.1 Decomp osition of a Query into Blo cks 479
15.1.2 A Query Blo ck as a Relational Algebra Expression 481
15.2 Estimating the Cost of a Plan 482
15.2.1 Estimating Result Sizes 483
15.3 Relational Algebra Equivalences 488
15.3.1 Selections 488
15.3.2 Pro jections 488
15.3.3 Cross-Pro ducts and Joins 489
15.3.4 Selects, Pro jects, and Joins 490
15.3.5 Other Equivalences 491
15.4 Enumeration of Alternative Plans 492
15.4.1 Single-Relation Queries 492
15.4.2 Multiple-Relation Queries 496
15.5 Nested Sub queries 504
15.6 The System R Optimizer 506
15.7 Other Approaches to Query Optimization 507
15.8 Review Questions 507
Part V TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT 517

Contents xv
16 OVERVIEW OF TRANSACTION MANAGEMENT
519
16.1 The ACID Prop erties 520
16.1.1 Consistency and Isolation 521
16.1.2 Atomicity and Durability 522
16.2 Transactions and Schedules 523
16.3 Concurrent Execution of Transactions 524
16.3.1 Motivation for Concurrent Execution 524
16.3.2 Serializability 525
16.3.3 Anomalies Due to Interleaved Execution 526
16.3.4 Schedules Involving Ab orted Transactions 529
16.4 Lo ck-Based Concurrency Control 530
16.4.1 Strict Two-Phase Lo cking (Strict 2PL) 531
16.4.2 Deadlo cks 533
16.5 Performance of Lo cking 533
16.6 Transaction Supp ort in SQL 535
16.6.1 Creating and Terminating Transactions 535
16.6.2 What Should We Lo ck? 537
16.6.3 Transaction Characteristics in SQL 538
16.7 Intro duction to Crash Recovery 540
16.7.1 Stealing Frames and Forcing Pages 541
16.7.2 Recovery-Related Steps during Normal Execution 542
16.7.3 Overview of ARIES 543
16.7.4 Atomicity: Implementing Rollback 543
16.8 Review Questions 544
17 CONCURRENCY CONTROL 549
17.1 2PL, Serializability, and Recoverability 550
17.1.1 View Serializability 553
17.2 Intro duction to Lo ck Management 553
17.2.1 Implementing Lo ck and Unlo ck Requests 554
17.3 Lo ck Conversions 555
17.4 Dealing With Deadlo cks 556
17.4.1 Deadlo ck Prevention 558
17.5 Sp ecialized Lo cking Techniques 559
17.5.1 Dynamic Databases and the Phantom Problem 560
17.5.2 Concurrency Control in B+ Trees 561
17.5.3 Multiple-Granularity Lo cking 564
17.6 Concurrency Control without Lo cking 566
17.6.1 Optimistic Concurrency Control 566
17.6.2 Timestamp-Based Concurrency Control 569
17.6.3 Multiversion Concurrency Control 572
17.7 Review Questions 573

xvi Database Management Systems
18 CRASH RECOVERY
579
18.1 Intro duction to ARIES 580
18.2 The Log 582
18.3 Other Recovery-Related Structures 585
18.4 The Write-Ahead Log Proto col 586
18.5 Checkp ointing 587
18.6 Recovering from a System Crash 587
18.6.1 Analysis Phase 588
18.6.2 Redo Phase 590
18.6.3 Undo Phase 592
18.7 Media Recovery 595
18.8 Other Approaches and Interaction with Concurrency Control 596
18.9 Review Questions 597
Part VI DATABASE DESIGN AND TUNING 603
19 SCHEMA REFINEMENT AND NORMAL FORMS 605
19.1 Intro duction to Schema Reﬁnement 606
19.1.1 Problems Caused by Redundancy 606
19.1.2 Decomp ositions 608
19.1.3 Problems Related to Decomp osition 609
19.2 Functional Dep endencies 611
19.3 Reasoning ab out FDs 612
19.3.1 Closure of a Set of FDs 612
19.3.2 Attribute Closure 614
19.4 Normal Forms 615
19.4.1 Boyce-Co dd Normal Form 615
19.4.2 Third Normal Form 617
19.5 Prop erties of Decomp ositions 619
19.5.1 Lossless-Join Decomp osition 619
19.5.2 Dep endency-Preserving Decomp osition 621
19.6 Normalization 622
19.6.1 Decomp osition into BCNF 622
19.6.2 Decomp osition into 3NF 625
19.7 Schema Reﬁnement in Database Design 629
19.7.1 Constraints on an Entity Set 630
19.7.2 Constraints on a Relationship Set 630
19.7.3 Identifying Attributes of Entities 631
19.7.4 Identifying Entity Sets 633
19.8 Other Kinds of Dep endencies 633
19.8.1 Multivalued Dep endencies 634
19.8.2 Fourth Normal Form 636
19.8.3 Join Dep endencies 638

Contents xvii
19.8.4 Fifth Normal Form 638
19.8.5 Inclusion Dep endencies 639
19.9 Case Study: The Internet Shop 640
19.10 Review Questions 642
20 PHYSICAL DATABASE DESIGN AND TUNING 649
20.1 Intro duction to Physical Database Design 650
20.1.1 Database Workloads 651
20.1.2 Physical Design and Tuning Decisions 652
20.1.3 Need for Database Tuning 653
20.2 Guidelines for Index Selection 653
20.3 Basic Examples of Index Selection 656
20.4 Clustering and Indexing 658
20.4.1 Co-clustering Two Relations 660
20.5 Indexes that Enable Index-Only Plans 662
20.6 To ols to Assist in Index Selection 663
20.6.1 Automatic Index Selection 663
20.6.2 How Do Index Tuning Wizards Work? 664
20.7 Overview of Database Tuning 667
20.7.1 Tuning Indexes 667
20.7.2 Tuning the Conceptual Schema 669
20.7.3 Tuning Queries and Views 670
20.8 Choices in Tuning the Conceptual Schema 671
20.8.1 Settling for a Weaker Normal Form 671
20.8.2 Denormalization 672
20.8.3 Choice of Decomp osition 672
20.8.4 Vertical Partitioning of BCNF Relations 674
20.8.5 Horizontal Decomp osition 674
20.9 Choices in Tuning Queries and Views 675
20.10 Impact of Concurrency 678
20.10.1 Reducing Lo ck Durations 678
20.10.2 Reducing Hot Sp ots 679
20.11 Case Study: The Internet Shop 680
20.11.1 Tuning the Database 682
20.12 DBMS Benchmarking 682
20.12.1 Well-Known DBMS Benchmarks 683
20.12.2 Using a Benchmark 684
20.13 Review Questions 685
21 SECURITY AND AUTHORIZATION 692
21.1 Intro duction to Database Security 693
21.2 Access Control 694
21.3 Discretionary Access Control 695

xviii Database Management Systems
21.3.1 Grant and Revoke on Views and Integrity Constraints 704
21.4 Mandatory Access Control 705
21.4.1 Multilevel Relations and Polyinstantiation 707
21.4.2 Covert Channels, DoD Security Levels 708
21.5 Security for Internet Applications 709
21.5.1 Encryption 709
21.5.2 Certifying Servers: The SSL Proto col 712
21.5.3 Digital Signatures 713
21.6 Additional Issues Related to Security 714
21.6.1 Role of the Database Administrator 714
21.6.2 Security in Statistical Databases 715
21.7 Design Case Study: The Internet Store 716
21.8 Review Questions 718
Part VI I ADDITIONAL TOPICS 723
22 PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED DATABASES 725
22.1 Intro duction 726
22.2 Architectures for Parallel Databases 727
22.3 Parallel Query Evaluation 728
22.3.1 Data Partitioning 730
22.3.2 Parallelizing Sequential Op erator Evaluation Co de 730
22.4 Parallelizing Individual Op erations 731
22.4.1 Bulk Loading and Scanning 731
22.4.2 Sorting 732
22.4.3 Joins 732
22.5 Parallel Query Optimization 735
22.6 Intro duction to Distributed Databases 736
22.6.1 Typ es of Distributed Databases 737
22.7 Distributed DBMS Architectures 737
22.7.1 Client-Server Systems 738
22.7.2 Collab orating Server Systems 738
22.7.3 Middleware Systems 739
22.8 Storing Data in a Distributed DBMS 739
22.8.1 Fragmentation 739
22.8.2 Replication 741
22.9 Distributed Catalog Management 741
22.9.1 Naming Ob jects 741
22.9.2 Catalog Structure 742
22.9.3 Distributed Data Indep endence 743
22.10 Distributed Query Pro cessing 743
22.10.1 Nonjoin Queries in a Distributed DBMS 744
22.10.2 Joins in a Distributed DBMS 745

Contents xix
22.10.3 Cost-Based Query Optimization 749
22.11 Up dating Distributed Data 750
22.11.1 Synchronous Replication 750
22.11.2 Asynchronous Replication 751
22.12 Distributed Transactions 755
22.13 Distributed Concurrency Control 755
22.13.1 Distributed Deadlo ck 756
22.14 Distributed Recovery 758
22.14.1 Normal Execution and Commit Proto cols 758
22.14.2 Restart after a Failure 760
22.14.3 Two-Phase Commit Revisited 761
22.14.4 Three-Phase Commit 762
22.15 Review Questions 763
23 OBJECT-DATABASE SYSTEMS 772
23.1 Motivating Example 774
23.1.1 New Data Typ es 775
23.1.2 Manipulating the New Data 777
23.2 Structured Data Typ es 779
23.2.1 Collection Typ es 780
23.3 Op erations on Structured Data 781
23.3.1 Op erations on Rows 781
23.3.2 Op erations on Arrays 781
23.3.3 Op erations on Other Collection Typ es 782
23.3.4 Queries Over Nested Collections 783
23.4 Encapsulation and ADTs 784
23.4.1 Deﬁning Metho ds 785
23.5 Inheritance 787
23.5.1 Deﬁning Typ es with Inheritance 787
23.5.2 Binding Metho ds 788
23.5.3 Collection Hierarchies 789
23.6 Ob jects, OIDs, and Reference Typ es 789
23.6.1 Notions of Equality 790
23.6.2 Dereferencing Reference Typ es 791
23.6.3 URLs and OIDs in SQL:1999 791
23.7 Database Design for an ORDBMS 792
23.7.1 Collection Typ es and ADTs 792
23.7.2 Ob ject Identity 795
23.7.3 Extending the ER Mo del 796
23.7.4 Using Nested Collections 798
23.8 ORDBMS Implementation Challenges 799
23.8.1 Storage and Access Metho ds 799
23.8.2 Query Pro cessing 801

xx Database Management Systems
23.8.3 Query Optimization 803
23.9 OODBMS 805
23.9.1 The ODMG Data Mo del and ODL 805
23.9.2 OQL 807
23.10 Comparing RDBMS, OODBMS, and ORDBMS 809
23.10.1 RDBMS versus ORDBMS 809
23.10.2 OODBMS versus ORDBMS: Similarities 809
23.10.3 OODBMS versus ORDBMS: Diﬀerences 810
23.11 Review Questions 811
24 DEDUCTIVE DATABASES 817
24.1 Intro duction to Recursive Queries 818
24.1.1 Datalog 819
24.2 Theoretical Foundations 822
24.2.1 Least Mo del Semantics 823
24.2.2 The Fixp oint Op erator 824
24.2.3 Safe Datalog Programs 825
24.2.4 Least Mo del = Least Fixp oint 826
24.3 Recursive Queries with Negation 827
24.3.1 Stratiﬁcation 828
24.4 From Datalog to SQL 831
24.5 Evaluating Recursive Queries 834
24.5.1 Fixp oint Evaluation without Rep eated Inferences 835
24.5.2 Pushing Selections to Avoid Irrelevant Inferences 837
24.5.3 The Magic Sets Algorithm 838
24.6 Review Questions 841
25 DATA WAREHOUSING AND DECISION SUPPORT 846
25.1 Intro duction to Decision Supp ort 848
25.2 OLAP: Multidimensional Data Mo del 849
25.2.1 Multidimensional Database Design 853
25.3 Multidimensional Aggregation Queries 854
25.3.1 ROLLUP and CUBE in SQL:1999 856
25.4 Window Queries in SQL:1999 859
25.4.1 Framing a Window 861
25.4.2 New Aggregate Functions 862
25.5 Finding Answers Quickly 862
25.5.1 Top N Queries 863
25.5.2 Online Aggregation 864
25.6 Implementation Techniques for OLAP 865
25.6.1 Bitmap Indexes 866
25.6.2 Join Indexes 868
25.6.3 File Organizations 869

Contents xxi
25.7 Data Warehousing 870
25.7.1 Creating and Maintaining a Warehouse 871
25.8 Views and Decision Supp ort 872
25.8.1 Views, OLAP, and Warehousing 872
25.8.2 Queries over Views 873
25.9 View Materialization 873
25.9.1 Issues in View Materialization 874
25.10 Maintaining Materialized Views 876
25.10.1 Incremental View Maintenance 876
25.10.2 Maintaining Warehouse Views 879
25.10.3 When Should We Synchronize Views? 881
25.11 Review Questions 882
26 DATA MINING 889
26.1 Intro duction to Data Mining 890
26.1.1 The Knowledge Discovery Pro cess 891
26.2 Counting Co-o ccurrences 892
26.2.1 Frequent Itemsets 892
26.2.2 Iceb erg Queries 895
26.3 Mining for Rules 897
26.3.1 Asso ciation Rules 897
26.3.2 An Algorithm for Finding Asso ciation Rules 898
26.3.3 Asso ciation Rules and ISA Hierarchies 899
26.3.4 Generalized Asso ciation Rules 900
26.3.5 Sequential Patterns 901
26.3.6 The Use of Asso ciation Rules for Prediction 902
26.3.7 Bayesian Networks 903
26.3.8 Classiﬁcation and Regression Rules 904
26.4 Tree-Structured Rules 906
26.4.1 Decision Trees 907
26.4.2 An Algorithm to Build Decision Trees 908
26.5 Clustering 911
26.5.1 A Clustering Algorithm 912
26.6 Similarity Search over Sequences 913
26.6.1 An Algorithm to Find Similar Sequences 915
26.7 Incremental Mining and Data Streams 916
26.7.1 Incremental Maintenance of Frequent Itemsets 918
26.8 Additional Data Mining Tasks 920
26.9 Review Questions 920
27 INFORMATION RETRIEVAL AND XML DATA 926
27.1 Colliding Worlds: Databases, IR, and XML 927
27.1.1 DBMS versus IR Systems 928

xxii Database Management Systems
27.2 Intro duction to Information Retrieval 929
27.2.1 Vector Space Mo del 930
27.2.2 TF/IDF Weighting of Terms 931
27.2.3 Ranking Do cument Similarity 932
27.2.4 Measuring Success: Precision and Recall 934
27.3 Indexing for Text Search 934
27.3.1 Inverted Indexes 935
27.3.2 Signature Files 937
27.4 Web Search Engines 939
27.4.1 Search Engine Architecture 939
27.4.2 Using Link Information 940
27.5 Managing Text in a DBMS 944
27.5.1 Lo osely Coupled Inverted Index 945
27.6 A Data Mo del for XML 945
27.6.1 Motivation for Lo ose Structure 945
27.6.2 A Graph Mo del 946
27.7 XQuery: Querying XML Data 948
27.7.1 Path Expressions 948
27.7.2 FLWR Expressions 949
27.7.3 Ordering of Elements 951
27.7.4 Grouping and Generation of Collection Values 951
27.8 Eﬃcient Evaluation of XML Queries 952
27.8.1 Storing XML in RDBMS 952
27.8.2 Indexing XML Rep ositories 956
27.9 Review Questions 959
28 SPATIAL DATA MANAGEMENT 968
28.1 Typ es of Spatial Data and Queries 969
28.2 Applications Involving Spatial Data 971
28.3 Intro duction to Spatial Indexes 973
28.3.1 Overview of Prop osed Index Structures 974
28.4 Indexing Based on Space-Filling Curves 975
28.4.1 Region Quad Trees and Z-Ordering: Region Data 976
28.4.2 Spatial Queries Using Z-Ordering 978
28.5 Grid Files 978
28.5.1 Adapting Grid Files to Handle Regions 981
28.6 R Trees: Point and Region Data 982
28.6.1 Queries 983
28.6.2 Insert and Delete Op erations 984
28.6.3 Concurrency Control 986
28.6.4 Generalized Search Trees 987
28.7 Issues in High-Dimensional Indexing 988
28.8 Review Questions 988

Contents xxiii
29 FURTHER READING
992
29.1 Advanced Transaction Pro cessing 993
29.1.1 Transaction Pro cessing Monitors 993
29.1.2 New Transaction Mo dels 994
29.1.3 Real-Time DBMSs 994
29.2 Data Integration 995
29.3 Mobile Databases 995
29.4 Main Memory Databases 996
29.5 Multimedia Databases 997
29.6 Geographic Information Systems 998
29.7 Temp oral Databases 999
29.8 Biological Databases 999
29.9 Information Visualization 1000
29.10 Summary 1000
30 THE MINIBASE SOFTWARE 1002
30.1 What Is Available 1002
30.2 Overview of Minibase Assignments 1003
30.3 Acknowledgments 1004
REFERENCES 1005
AUTHOR INDEX 1045
SUBJECT INDEX 1054

PREFACE
The advantage of doing one’s praising for oneself is that one can lay it on so thick
and exactly in the right places.
—Samuel Butler
Database management systems are now an indisp ensable to ol for managing
information, and a course on the principles and practice of database systems
is now an integral part of computer science curricula. This b o ok covers the
fundamentals of mo dern database management systems, in particular relational
database systems.
We have attempted to present the material in a clear, simple style. A quantita-
tive approach is used throughout with many detailed examples. An extensive
set of exercises (for which solutions are available online to instructors) accom-
panies each chapter and reinforces students’ ability to apply the concepts to
real problems.
The b o ok can b e used with the accompanying software and programming as-
signments in two distinct kinds of intro ductory courses:
1.Applications Emphasis:A course that covers the principles of database
systems, and emphasizes how they are used in developing data-intensive ap-
plications. Two new chapters on application development (one on database-
backed applications, and one on Java and Internet application architec-
tures) have b een added to the third edition, and the entire b o ok has b een
extensively revised and reorganized to supp ort such a course. A running
case-study and extensive online materials (e.g., co de for SQL queries and
Java applications, online databases and solutions) make it easy to teach a
hands-on application-centric course.
2.Systems Emphasis:A course that has a strong systems emphasis and
assumes that students have go o d programming skills in C and C++. In
this case the accompanying Minibase software can b e used as the basis
for pro jects in which students are asked to implement various parts of a
relational DBMS. Several central mo dules in the pro ject software (e.g.,
heap ﬁles, buﬀer manager, B+ trees, hash indexes, various join metho ds)
xxiv

Preface xxv
are describ ed in suﬃcient detail in the text to enable students to implement
them, given the (C++) class interfaces.
Many instructors will no doubt teach a course that falls b etween these two
extremes. The restructuring in the third edition oﬀers a very mo dular orga-
nization that facilitates such hybrid courses. The also b o ok contains enough
material to supp ort advanced courses in a two-course sequence.
Organization of the Third Edition
The b o ok is organized into six main parts plus a collection of advanced topics, as
shown in Figure 0.1. The Foundations chapters intro duce database systems, the
(1) Foundations Both
(2) Application Development Applications emphasis
(3) Storage and Indexing Systems emphasis
(4) Query Evaluation Systems emphasis
(5) Transaction Management Systems emphasis
(6) Database Design and Tuning Applications emphasis
(7) Additional Topics Both
Figure 0.1Organization of Parts in the Third Edition
ER mo del and the relational mo del. They explain how databases are created
and used, and cover the basics of database design and querying, including an
in-depth treatment of SQL queries. While an instructor can omit some of this
material at their discretion (e.g., relational calculus, some sections on the ER
mo del or SQL queries), this material is relevant to every student of database
systems, and we recommend that it b e covered in as much detail as p ossible.
Each of the remaining ﬁve main parts has either an application or a systems
emphasis. Each of the three Systems parts has an overview chapter, designed to
provide a self-contained treatment, e.g., Chapter 8 is an overview of storage and
indexing. The overview chapters can b e used to provide stand-alone coverage
of the topic, or as the ﬁrst chapter in a more detailed treatment. Thus, in an
application-oriented course, Chapter 8 might b e the only material covered on
ﬁle organizations and indexing, whereas in a systems-oriented course it would b e
supplemented by a selection from Chapters 9 through 11. The Database Design
and Tuning part contains a discussion of p erformance tuning and designing for
secure access. These application topics are b est covered after giving students
a go o d grasp of database system architecture, and are therefore placed later in
the chapter sequence.

xxvi Database Management Systems
Suggested Course Outlines
The b o ok can b e used in two kinds of intro ductory database courses, one with
an applications emphasis and one with a systems emphasis.
Theintroductory applications-oriented coursecould cover the Foundations chap-
ters, then the Application Development chapters, followed by the overview sys-
tems chapters, and conclude with the Database Design and Tuning material.
Chapter dep endencies have b een kept to a minimum, enabling instructors to
easily ﬁne tune what material to include. The Foundations material, Part I,
should b e covered ﬁrst, and within Parts I I I, IV, and V, the overview chapters
should b e covered ﬁrst. The only remaining dep endencies b etween chapters
in Parts I to VI are shown as arrows in Figure 0.2. The chapters in Part I
should b e covered in sequence. However, the coverage of algebra and calculus
can b e skipp ed in order to get to SQL queries so oner (although we b elieve this
material is imp ortant and recommend that it should b e covered b efore SQL).
Theintroductory systems-oriented coursewould cover the Foundations chap-
ters and a selection of Applications and Systems chapters. An imp ortant p oint
for systems-oriented courses is that the timing of programming pro jects (e.g.,
using Minibase) makes it desirable to cover some systems topics early. Chap-
ter dep endencies have b een carefully limited to allow the Systems chapters to
b e covered as so on as Chapters 1 and 3 have b een covered. The remaining
Foundations chapters and Applications chapters can b e covered subsequently.
The b o ok also has ample material to supp ort a multi-course sequence. Obvi-
ously, cho osing an applications or systems emphasis in the intro ductory course
results in dropping certain material from the course; the material in the b o ok
supp orts a comprehensive two-course sequence that covers b oth applications
and systems asp ects. The Additional Topics range over a broad set of issues,
and can b e used as the core material for an advanced course, supplemented
with further readings.
Supplementary Material
This b o ok comes with extensive online supplements:
Online Chapter:To make space for new material such as application
development, information retrieval, and XML, we’ve moved the coverage
of QBE to an online chapter. Students can freely download the chapter
from the b o ok’s web site, and solutions to exercises from this chapter are
included in solutions manual.

Preface xxvii
2
ER Model
Conceptual Design
3
Relational Model
SQL DDL
Evaluation of
Relational Operators
14 15
Relational Optimizer
A Typical
17 18
Concurrency
Control
Crash
Recovery
Parallel and
Distributed DBs
Introduction,
1
Relational Algebra
and Calculus
4
SQL DML
5
Hash Indexes
11
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
6 7
16
Transaction Management
Overview of
External Sorting
13
Overview of
Storage and Indexing
8
12
Query Evaluation
Overview of
9
Data Storage Tree Indexes
10
Schema Refinement,
19
FDs, Normalization
20
Physical DB
Design, Tuning
Development
Database Application
Internet Applications
Database−Backed
Authorization
Security and
21
Mining
Data
27
Databases
Spatial
Object−Database
Systems
Deductive
Databases and Decision Support
Data Warehousing
and XML Data
Information Retrieval
28
25242322
26 29
Reading
Further
Figure 0.2Chapter Organization and Dep endencies
Lecture Slides:Lecture slides are freely available for all chapters in
Postscript, and PDF formats. Course instructors can also obtain these
slides in Microsoft Powerp oint format, and can adapt them to their teach-
ing needs. Instructors also have access to all ﬁgures used in the b o ok (in
xﬁg format), and can use them to mo dify the slides.

xxviii Database Management Systems
Solutions to Chapter Exercises:The b o ok has an unusually extensive
set of in-depth exercises. Students can obtain solutions to o dd-numb ered
chapter exercises and a set of lecture slides for each chapter through the
Web in Postscript and Adob e PDF formats. Course instructors can obtain
solutions to all exercises.
Software:The b o ok comes with two kinds of software. First, we have
Minibase, a small relational DBMS intended for use in systems-oriented
courses. Minibase comes with sample assignments and solutions, as de-
scrib ed in App endix 30. Access is restricted to course instructors. Second,
we oﬀer co de for all SQL and Java application development exercises in
the b o ok, together with scripts to create sample databases, and scripts for
setting up several commercial DBMSs. Students can only access solution
co de for o dd-numb ered exercises, whereas instructors have access to all
solutions.
Instructor’s Manual:The b o ok comes with an online manual that of-
fers instructors comments on the material in each chapter. It provides a
summary of each chapter and identiﬁes choices for material to emphasize
or omit. The manual also discusses the on-line supp orting material for
that chapter and oﬀers numerous suggestions for hands-on exercises and
pro jects. Finally, it includes samples of examination pap ers from courses
taught by the authors using the b o ok. It is restricted to course instructors.
For More Information
The home page for this b o ok is at URL:
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/˜dbbook
It contains a list of the changes b etween the 2nd and 3rd editions, and a fre-
quently up datedlink to al l known errors in the book and its accompanying
supplements.Instructors should visit this site p erio dically or register at this
site to b e notiﬁed of imp ortant changes by email.
Acknowledgments
This b o ok grew out of lecture notes for CS564, the intro ductory (senior/graduate
level) database course at UW-Madison. David DeWitt develop ed this course
and the Minirel pro ject, in which students wrote several well-chosen parts of
a relational DBMS. My thinking ab out this material was shap ed by teaching
CS564, and Minirel was the inspiration for Minibase, which is more compre-
hensive (e.g., it has a query optimizer and includes visualization software) but

Preface xxix
tries to retain the spirit of Minirel. Mike Carey and I jointly designed much of
Minibase. My lecture notes (and in turn this b o ok) were inﬂuenced by Mike’s
lecture notes and by Yannis Ioannidis’s lecture slides.
Jo e Hellerstein used the b eta edition of the b o ok at Berkeley and provided
invaluable feedback, assistance on slides, and hilarious quotes. Writing the
chapter on ob ject-database systems with Jo e was a lot of fun.
C. Mohan provided invaluable assistance, patiently answering a numb er of ques-
tions ab out implementation techniques used in various commercial systems, in
particular indexing, concurrency control, and recovery algorithms. Moshe Zlo of
answered numerous questions ab out QBE semantics and commercial systems
based on QBE. Ron Fagin, Krishna Kulkarni, Len Shapiro, Jim Melton, Dennis
Shasha, and Dirk Van Gucht reviewed the b o ok and provided detailed feedback,
greatly improving the content and presentation. Michael Goldweb er at Beloit
College, Matthew Haines at Wyoming, Michael Kifer at SUNY StonyBro ok,
Jeﬀ Naughton at Wisconsin, Praveen Seshadri at Cornell, and Stan Zdonik at
Brown also used the b eta edition in their database courses and oﬀered feedback
and bug rep orts. In particular, Michael Kifer p ointed out an error in the (old)
algorithm for computing a minimal cover and suggested covering some SQL
features in Chapter 2 to improve mo dularity. Gio Wiederhold’s bibliography,
converted to Latex format by S. Sudarshan, and Michael Ley’s online bibliogra-
phy on databases and logic programming were a great help while compiling the
chapter bibliographies. Shaun Flisakowski and Uri Shaft help ed me frequently
in my never-ending battles with Latex.
I owe a sp ecial thanks to the many, many students who have contributed to
the Minibase software. Emmanuel Ackaouy, Jim Pruyne, Lee Schumacher, and
Michael Lee worked with me when I develop ed the ﬁrst version of Minibase
(much of which was subsequently discarded, but which inﬂuenced the next
version). Emmanuel Ackaouy and Bryan So were my TAs when I taught CS564
using this version and went well b eyond the limits of a TAship in their eﬀorts
to reﬁne the pro ject. Paul Aoki struggled with a version of Minibase and
oﬀered lots of useful comments as a TA at Berkeley. An entire class of CS764
students (our graduate database course) develop ed much of the current version
of Minibase in a large class pro ject that was led and co ordinated by Mike Carey
and me. Amit Shukla and Michael Lee were my TAs when I ﬁrst taught CS564
using this version of Minibase and develop ed the software further.
Several students worked with me on indep endent pro jects, over a long p erio d
of time, to develop Minibase comp onents. These include visualization packages
for the buﬀer manager and B+ trees (Huseyin Bektas, Harry Stavrop oulos, and
Weiqing Huang); a query optimizer and visualizer (Stephen Harris, Michael Lee,
and Donko Donjerkovic); an ER diagram to ol based on the Op ossum schema

xxx Database Management Systems
editor (Eb en Hab er); and a GUI-based to ol for normalization (Andrew Pro ck
and Andy Therb er). In addition, Bill Kimmel worked to integrate and ﬁx a
large b o dy of co de (storage manager, buﬀer manager, ﬁles and access metho ds,
relational op erators, and the query plan executor) pro duced by the CS764 class
pro ject. Ranjani Ramamurty considerably extended Bill’s work on cleaning up
and integrating the various mo dules. Luke Blanshard, Uri Shaft, and Shaun
Flisakowski worked on putting together the release version of the co de and
develop ed test suites and exercises based on the Minibase software. Krishna
Kunchithapadam tested the optimizer and develop ed part of the Minibase GUI.
Clearly, the Minibase software would not exist without the contributions of a
great many talented p eople. With this software available freely in the public
domain, I hop e that more instructors will b e able to teach a systems-oriented
database course with a blend of implementation and exp erimentation to com-
plement the lecture material.
I’d like to thank the many students who help ed in developing and checking
the solutions to the exercises and provided useful feedback on draft versions of
the b o ok. In alphab etical order: X. Bao, S. Biao, M. Chakrabarti, C. Chan,
W. Chen, N. Cheung, D. Colwell, C. Fritz, V. Ganti, J. Gehrke, G. Glass, V.
Gopalakrishnan, M. Higgins, T. Jasmin, M. Krishnaprasad, Y. Lin, C. Liu, M.
Lusignan, H. Mo di, S. Narayanan, D. Randolph, A. Ranganathan, J. Reminga,
A. Therb er, M. Thomas, Q. Wang, R. Wang, Z. Wang, and J. Yuan. Arcady
Grenader, James Harrington, and Martin Reames at Wisconsin and Nina Tang
at Berkeley provided esp ecially detailed feedback.
Charlie Fischer, Avi Silb erschatz, and Jeﬀ Ullman gave me invaluable advice
on working with a publisher. My editors at McGraw-Hill, Betsy Jones and Eric
Munson, obtained extensive reviews and guided this b o ok in its early stages.
Emily Gray and Brad Kosirog were there whenever problems cropp ed up. At
Wisconsin, Ginny Werner really help ed me to stay on top of things.
Finally, this b o ok was a thief of time, and in many ways it was harder on my
family than on me. My sons expressed themselves forthrightly. From my (then)
ﬁve-year-old, Ketan: “Dad, stop working on that silly b o ok. You don’t have
any time forme.” Two-year-old Vivek: “You workingboook? No no no come
play basketball me!” All the seasons of their discontent were visited up on my
wife, and Apu nonetheless cheerfully kept the family going in its usual chaotic,
happy way all the many evenings and weekends I was wrapp ed up in this b o ok.
(Not to mention the days when I was wrapp ed up in b eing a faculty memb er!)
As in all things, I can trace my parents’ hand in much of this; my father,
with his love of learning, and my mother, with her love of us, shap ed me. My
brother Kartik’s contributions to this b o ok consisted chieﬂy of phone calls in
which he kept me from working, but if I don’t acknowledge him, he’s liable to

Preface xxxi
b e annoyed. I’d like to thank my family for b eing there and giving meaning to
everything I do. (There! I knew I’d ﬁnd a legitimate reason to thank Kartik.)
Acknowledgments for the Second Edition
Emily Gray and Betsy Jones at McGraw-Hill obtained extensive reviews and
provided guidance and supp ort as we prepared the second edition. Jonathan
Goldstein help ed with the bibliography for spatial databases. The following
reviewers provided valuable feedback on content and organization: Liming Cai
at Ohio University, Costas Tsatsoulis at University of Kansas, Kwok-Bun Yue
at University of Houston, Clear Lake, William Grosky at Wayne State Univer-
sity, Sang H. Son at University of Virginia, James M. Slack at Minnesota State
University, Mankato, Herman Balsters at University of Twente, Netherlands,
Karen C. Davis at University of Cincinnati, Joachim Hammer at University of
Florida, Fred Petry at Tulane University, Gregory Sp eegle at Baylor Univer-
sity, Salih Yurttas at Texas A&M University, and David Chao at San Francisco
State University.
A numb er of p eople rep orted bugs in the ﬁrst edition. In particular, we wish
to thank the following: Joseph Alb ert at Portland State University, Han-yin
Chen at University of Wisconsin, Lois Delcambre at Oregon Graduate Institute,
Maggie Eich at Southern Metho dist University, Ra j Gopalan at Curtin Univer-
sity of Technology, Davo o d Raﬁei at University of Toronto, Michael Schreﬂ at
University of South Australia, Alex Thomasian at University of Connecticut,
and Scott Vandenb erg at Siena College.
A sp ecial thanks to the many p eople who answered a detailed survey ab out how
commercial systems supp ort various features: At IBM, Mike Carey, Bruce Lind-
say, C. Mohan, and James Teng; at Informix, M. Muralikrishna and Michael
Ub ell; at Microsoft, David Campb ell, Go etz Graefe, and Peter Spiro; at Oracle,
Hakan Jacobsson, Jonathan D. Klein, Muralidhar Krishnaprasad, and M. Zi-
auddin; and at Sybase, Marc Chanliau, Lucien Dimino, Sangeeta Doraiswamy,
Hanuma Ko davalla, Roger MacNicol, and Tirumanjanam Rengara jan.
After reading ab out himself in the acknowledgment to the ﬁrst edition, Ketan
(now 8) had a simple question: “How come you didn’t dedicate the b o ok to us?
Why mom?” Ketan, I to ok care of this inexplicable oversight. Vivek (now 5)
was more concerned ab out the extent of his fame: “Daddy, is my name inevvy
copy of your b o ok? Do they have it inevvycomp o oter science department in
the world?” Vivek, I hop e so. Finally, this revision would not have made it
without Apu’s and Keiko’s supp ort.

xxxii Database Management Systems
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition
We thank Raghav Kaushik for his contribution to the discussion of XML, and
Alex Thomasian for his contribution to the coverage of concurrency control. A
sp ecial thanks to Jim Melton for giving us a pre-publication copy of his b o ok
on ob ject-oriented extensions in the SQL:1999 standard, and catching several
bugs in a draft of this edition. Marti Hearst at Berkeley generously p ermitted
us to adapt some of her slides on Information Retrieval, and Alon Levy and
Dan Suciu were kind enough to let us adapt some of their lectures on XML.
Mike Carey oﬀered input on Web services.
Emily Lupash at McGraw-Hill has b een a source of constant supp ort and en-
couragement. She co ordinated extensive reviews from Ming Wang at Embry-
Riddle Aeronautical University, Cheng Hsu at RPI, Paul Bergstein at Univ. of
Massachusetts, Archana Sathaye at SJSU, Bharat Bhargava at Purdue, John
Fendrich at Bradley, Ahmet Ugur at Central Michigan, Richard Osb orne at
Univ. of Colorado, Akira Kawaguchi at CCNY, Mark Last at Ben Gurion,
Vassilis Tsotras at Univ. of California, and Ronald Eaglin at Univ. of Central
Florida. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the thoughtful input we received from
the reviewers, which greatly improved the design and content of this edition.
Gloria Schiesl and Jade Moran dealt cheerfully and eﬃciently with last-minute
snafus, and, with Sherry Kane, made a very tight schedule p ossible. Michelle
Whitaker iterated many times on the cover and end-sheet design.
On a p ersonal note for Raghu, Ketan, following the canny example of the
camel that shared a tent, observed that “it is only fair” that Raghu dedicate
this edition solely to him and Vivek, since “mommy already had it dedicated
only to her.” Despite this blatant attempt to hog the limelight, enthusiastically
supp orted by Vivek and viewed with the indulgent aﬀection of a doting father,
this b o ok is also dedicated to Apu, for b eing there through it all.
For Johannes, this revision would not have made it without Keiko’s supp ort
and inspiration and the motivation from lo oking at Elisa’s p eacefully sleeping
face.

PAR T I
FOUNDATIONS

1
OVERVIEW OF
DATABASE SYSTEMS
☛What is a DBMS, in particular, a relational DBMS?
☛Why should we consider a DBMS to manage data?
☛How is application data represented in a DBMS?
☛How is data in a DBMS retrieved and manipulated?
☛How do es a DBMS supp ort concurrent access and protect data during
system failures?
☛What are the main comp onents of a DBMS?
☛Who is involved with databases in real life?
➽Key concepts:database management, data indep endence, database
design, data mo del; relational databases and queries; schemas, levels
of abstraction; transactions, concurrency and lo cking, recovery and
logging; DBMS architecture; database administrator, application pro-
grammer, end user
Has everyone noticed that all the letters of the worddatabaseare typ ed with
the left hand? Now the layout of theQWERTY typ ewriter keyb oard was designed,
among other things, to facilitate the even use of b oth hands. It follows, therefore,
that writing ab out databases is not only unnatural, but a lot harder than it app ears.
— Anonymous
The amount of information available to us is literally explo ding, and the value
of data as an organizational asset is widely recognized. To get the most out of
their large and complex datasets, users require to ols that simplify the tasks of
3

4 Chapter 1
The area of database management systems is a micro cosm of computer sci-
ence in general. The issues addressed and the techniques used span a wide
sp ectrum, including languages, ob ject-orientation and other programming
paradigms, compilation, op erating systems, concurrent programming, data
structures, algorithms, theory, parallel and distributed systems, user inter-
faces, exp ert systems and artiﬁcial intelligence, statistical techniques, and
dynamic programming. We cannot go into all these asp ects of database
management in one b o ok, but we hop e to give the reader a sense of the
excitement in this rich and vibrant discipline.
managing the data and extracting useful information in a timely fashion. Oth-
erwise, data can b ecome a liability, with the cost of acquiring it and managing
it far exceeding the value derived from it.
Adatabaseis a collection of data, typically describing the activities of one or
more related organizations. For example, a university database might contain
information ab out the following:
Entitiessuch as students, faculty, courses, and classro oms.
Relationshipsb etween entities, such as students’ enrollment in courses,
faculty teaching courses, and the use of ro oms for courses.
Adatabase management system, orDBMS, is software designed to assist
in maintaining and utilizing large collections of data. The need for such systems,
as well as their use, is growing rapidly. The alternative to using a DBMS is
to store the data in ﬁles and write application-sp eciﬁc co de to manage it. The
use of a DBMS has several imp ortant advantages, as we will see in Section 1.4.
1.1 MANAGING DATA
The goal of this b o ok is to present an in-depth intro duction to database man-
agement systems, with an emphasis on how todesigna database andusea
DBMS eﬀectively. Not surprisingly, many decisions ab out how to use a DBMS
for a given application dep end on what capabilities the DBMS supp orts eﬃ-
ciently. Therefore, to use a DBMS well, it is necessary to also understand how
a DBMSworks.
Many kinds of database management systems are in use, but this b o ok concen-
trates onrelational database systems (RDBMSs) , which are by far the
dominant typ e of DBMS to day. The following questions are addressed in the
core chapters of this b o ok:

Overview of Database Systems 5
1.Database Design and Application Development: How can a user
describ e a real-world enterprise (e.g., a university) in terms of the data
stored in a DBMS? What factors must b e considered in deciding how to
organize the stored data? How can we develop applications that rely up on
a DBMS? (Chapters 2, 3, 6, 7, 19, 20, and 21.)
2.Data Analysis:How can a user answer questions ab out the enterprise by
p osing queries over the data in the DBMS? (Chapters 4 and 5.)
1
3.Concurrency and Robustness:How do es a DBMS allow many users to
access data concurrently, and how do es it protect the data in the event of
system failures? (Chapters 16, 17, and 18.)
4.Eﬃciency and Scalability:How do es a DBMS store large datasets and
answer questions against this data eﬃciently? (Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,
13, 14, and 15.)
Later chapters cover imp ortant and rapidly evolving topics, such as parallel and
distributed database management, data warehousing and complex queries for
decision supp ort, data mining, databases and information retrieval, XML rep os-
itories, ob ject databases, spatial data management, and rule-oriented DBMS
extensions.
In the rest of this chapter, we intro duce these issues. In Section 1.2, we b e-
gin with a brief history of the ﬁeld and a discussion of the role of database
management in mo dern information systems. We then identify the b eneﬁts of
storing data in a DBMS instead of a ﬁle system in Section 1.3, and discuss
the advantages of using a DBMS to manage data in Section 1.4. In Section
1.5, we consider how information ab out an enterprise should b e organized and
stored in a DBMS. A user probably thinks ab out this information in high-level
terms that corresp ond to the entities in the organization and their relation-
ships, whereas the DBMS ultimately stores data in the form of (many, many)
bits. The gap b etween how users think of their data and how the data is ul-
timately stored is bridged through severallevels of abstractionsupp orted by
the DBMS. Intuitively, a user can b egin by describing the data in fairly high-
level terms, then reﬁne this description by considering additional storage and
representation details as needed.
In Section 1.6, we consider how users can retrieve data stored in a DBMS and
the need for techniques to eﬃciently compute answers to questions involving
such data. In Section 1.7, we provide an overview of how a DBMS supp orts
concurrent access to data by several users and how it protects the data in the
event of system failures.
1
An online chapter on Query-by-Example (QBE) is also available.

6 Chapter 1
We then brieﬂy describ e the internal structure of a DBMS in Section 1.8, and
mention various groups of p eople asso ciated with the development and use of
a DBMS in Section 1.9.
1.2 A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
From the earliest days of computers, storing and manipulating data have b een a
ma jor application fo cus. The ﬁrst general-purp ose DBMS, designed by Charles
Bachman at General Electric in the early 1960s, was called the Integrated Data
Store. It formed the basis for thenetwork data model, which was standardized
by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) and strongly in-
ﬂuenced database systems through the 1960s. Bachman was the ﬁrst recipient
of ACM’s Turing Award (the computer science equivalent of a Nob el Prize) for
work in the database area; he received the award in 1973.
In the late 1960s, IBM develop ed the Information Management System (IMS)
DBMS, used even to day in many ma jor installations. IMS formed the basis for
an alternative data representation framework called thehierarchical data model.
The SABRE system for making airline reservations was jointly develop ed by
American Airlines and IBM around the same time, and it allowed several p eople
to access the same data through a computer network. Interestingly, to day the
same SABRE system is used to p ower p opular Web-based travel services such
as Travelo city.
In 1970, Edgar Co dd, at IBM’s San Jose Research Lab oratory, prop osed a new
data representation framework called therelational data model. This proved to
b e a watershed in the development of database systems: It sparked the rapid
development of several DBMSs based on the relational mo del, along with a rich
b o dy of theoretical results that placed the ﬁeld on a ﬁrm foundation. Co dd
won the 1981 Turing Award for his seminal work. Database systems matured
as an academic discipline, and the p opularity of relational DBMSs changed the
commercial landscap e. Their b eneﬁts were widely recognized, and the use of
DBMSs for managing corp orate data b ecame standard practice.
In the 1980s, the relational mo del consolidated its p osition as the dominant
DBMS paradigm, and database systems continued to gain widespread use. The
SQL query language for relational databases, develop ed as part of IBM’s Sys-
tem R pro ject, is now the standard query language. SQL was standardized
in the late 1980s, and the current standard, SQL:1999, was adopted by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Organization
for Standardization (ISO). Arguably, the most widely used form of concurrent
programming is the concurrent execution of database programs (calledtrans-
actions). Users write programs as if they are to b e run by themselves, and

Overview of Database Systems 7
the resp onsibility for running them concurrently is given to the DBMS. James
Gray won the 1999 Turing award for his contributions to database transaction
management.
In the late 1980s and the 1990s, advances were made in many areas of database
systems. Considerable research was carried out into more p owerful query lan-
guages and richer data mo dels, with emphasis placed on supp orting complex
analysis of data from all parts of an enterprise. Several vendors (e.g., IBM’s
DB2, Oracle 8, Informix
2
UDS) extended their systems with the ability to store
new data typ es such as images and text, and to ask more complex queries. Sp e-
cialized systems have b een develop ed by numerous vendors for creatingdata
warehouses, consolidating data from several databases, and for carrying out
sp ecialized analysis.
An interesting phenomenon is the emergence of severalenterprise resource
planning (ERP)andmanagement resource planning (MRP) packages,
which add a substantial layer of application-oriented features on top of a DBMS.
Widely used packages include systems from Baan, Oracle, PeopleSoft, SAP,
and Sieb el. These packages identify a set of common tasks (e.g., inventory
management, human resources planning, ﬁnancial analysis) encountered by a
large numb er of organizations and provide a general application layer to carry
out these tasks. The data is stored in a relational DBMS and the application
layer can b e customized to diﬀerent companies, leading to lower overall costs
for the companies, compared to the cost of building the application layer from
scratch.
Most signiﬁcant, p erhaps, DBMSs have entered the Internet Age. While the
ﬁrst generation of websites stored their data exclusively in op erating systems
ﬁles, the use of a DBMS to store data accessed through a Web browser is
b ecoming widespread. Queries are generated through Web-accessible forms
and answers are formatted using a markup language such as HTML to b e
easily displayed in a browser. All the database vendors are adding features to
their DBMS aimed at making it more suitable for deployment over the Internet.
Database management continues to gain imp ortance as more and more data is
brought online and made ever more accessible through computer networking.
To day the ﬁeld is b eing driven by exciting visions such as multimedia databases,
interactive video, streaming data, digital libraries, a host of scientiﬁc pro jects
such as the human genome mapping eﬀort and NASA’s Earth Observation Sys-
tem pro ject, and the desire of companies to consolidate their decision-making
pro cesses andminetheir data rep ositories for useful information ab out their
businesses. Commercially, database management systems represent one of the
2
Informix was recently acquired by IBM.

8 Chapter 1
largest and most vigorous market segments. Thus the study of database sys-
tems could prove to b e richly rewarding in more ways than one!
1.3 FILE SYSTEMS VERSUS A DBMS
To understand the need for a DBMS, let us consider a motivating scenario: A
company has a large collection (say, 500 GB
3
) of data on employees, depart-
ments, pro ducts, sales, and so on. This data is accessed concurrently by several
employees. Questions ab out the data must b e answered quickly, changes made
to the data by diﬀerent users must b e applied consistently, and access to certain
parts of the data (e.g., salaries) must b e restricted.
We can try to manage the data by storing it in op erating system ﬁles. This
approach has many drawbacks, including the following:
We probably do not have 500 GB of main memory to hold all the data.
We must therefore store data in a storage device such as a disk or tap e and
bring relevant parts into main memory for pro cessing as needed.
Even if we have 500 GB of main memory, on computer systems with 32-bit
addressing, we cannot refer directly to more than ab out 4 GB of data. We
have to program some metho d of identifying all data items.
We have to write sp ecial programs to answer each question a user may want
to ask ab out the data. These programs are likely to b e complex b ecause
of the large volume of data to b e searched.
We must protect the data from inconsistent changes made by diﬀerent users
accessing the data concurrently. If applications must address the details of
such concurrent access, this adds greatly to their complexity.
We must ensure that data is restored to a consistent state if the system
crashes while changes are b eing made.
Op erating systems provide only a password mechanism for security. This is
not suﬃciently ﬂexible to enforce security p olicies in which diﬀerent users
have p ermission to access diﬀerent subsets of the data.
A DBMS is a piece of software designed to make the preceding tasks easier. By
storing data in a DBMS rather than as a collection of op erating system ﬁles,
we can use the DBMS’s features to manage the data in a robust and eﬃcient
manner. As the volume of data and the numb er of users grow
— hundreds of
gigabytes of data and thousands of users are common in current corp orate
databases
— DBMS supp ort b ecomes indisp ensable.
3
A kilobyte (KB) is 1024 bytes, a megabyte (MB) is 1024 KBs, a gigabyte (GB) is 1024 MBs, a
terabyte (TB) is 1024 GBs, and a p etabyte (PB) is 1024 terabytes.

Overview of Database Systems 9
1.4 ADVANTAGES OF A DBMS
Using a DBMS to manage data has many advantages:
Data Indep endence:Application programs should not, ideally, b e ex-
p osed to details of data representation and storage. The DBMS provides
an abstract view of the data that hides such details.
Eﬃcient Data Access:A DBMS utilizes a variety of sophisticated tech-
niques to store and retrieve data eﬃciently. This feature is esp ecially im-
p ortant if the data is stored on external storage devices.
Data Integrity and Security:If data is always accessed through the
DBMS, the DBMS can enforce integrity constraints. For example, b efore
inserting salary information for an employee, the DBMS can check that
the department budget is not exceeded. Also, it can enforceaccess controls
that govern what data is visible to diﬀerent classes of users.
Data Administration:When several users share the data, centralizing
the administration of data can oﬀer signiﬁcant improvements. Exp erienced
professionals who understand the nature of the data b eing managed, and
how diﬀerent groups of users use it, can b e resp onsible for organizing the
data representation to minimize redundancy and for ﬁne-tuning the storage
of the data to make retrieval eﬃcient.
Concurrent Access and Crash Recovery: A DBMS schedules concur-
rent accesses to the data in such a manner that users can think of the data
as b eing accessed by only one user at a time. Further, the DBMS protects
users from the eﬀects of system failures.
Reduced Application Development Time: Clearly, the DBMS sup-
p orts imp ortant functions that are common to many applications accessing
data in the DBMS. This, in conjunction with the high-level interface to the
data, facilitates quick application development. DBMS applications are
also likely to b e more robust than similar stand-alone applications b ecause
many imp ortant tasks are handled by the DBMS (and do not have to b e
debugged and tested in the application).
Given all these advantages, is there ever a reasonnotto use a DBMS? Some-
times, yes. A DBMS is a complex piece of software, optimized for certain kinds
of workloads (e.g., answering complex queries or handling many concurrent
requests), and its p erformance may not b e adequate for certain sp ecialized ap-
plications. Examples include applications with tight real-time constraints or
just a few well-deﬁned critical op erations for which eﬃcient custom co de must
b e written. Another reason for not using a DBMS is that an application may
need to manipulate the data in ways not supp orted by the query language. In

10 Chapter 1
such a situation, the abstract view of the data presented by the DBMS do es
not match the application’s needs and actually gets in the way. As an exam-
ple, relational databases do not supp ort ﬂexible analysis of text data (although
vendors are now extending their pro ducts in this direction).
If sp ecialized p erformance or data manipulation requirements are central to an
application, the application may cho ose not to use a DBMS, esp ecially if the
added b eneﬁts of a DBMS (e.g., ﬂexible querying, security, concurrent access,
and crash recovery) are not required. In most situations calling for large-scale
data management, however, DBMSs have b ecome an indisp ensable to ol.
1.5 DESCRIBING AND STORING DATA IN A DBMS
The user of a DBMS is ultimately concerned with some real-world enterprise,
and the data to b e stored describ es various asp ects of this enterprise. For
example, there are students, faculty, and courses in a university, and the data
in a university database describ es these entities and their relationships.
Adata mo delis a collection of high-level data description constructs that hide
many low-level storage details. A DBMS allows a user to deﬁne the data to b e
stored in terms of a data mo del. Most database management systems to day
are based on therelational data mo del, which we fo cus on in this b o ok.
While the data mo del of the DBMS hides many details, it is nonetheless closer
to how the DBMS stores data than to how a user thinks ab out the underlying
enterprise. Asemantic data mo delis a more abstract, high-level data mo del
that makes it easier for a user to come up with a go o d initial description of
the data in an enterprise. These mo dels contain a wide variety of constructs
that help describ e a real application scenario. A DBMS is not intended to
supp ort all these constructs directly; it is typically built around a data mo del
with just a few basic constructs, such as the relational mo del. A database
design in terms of a semantic mo del serves as a useful starting p oint and is
subsequently translated into a database design in terms of the data mo del the
DBMS actually supp orts.
A widely used semantic data mo del called the entity-relationship (ER) mo del
allows us to pictorially denote entities and the relationships among them. We
cover the ER mo del in Chapter 2.

Overview of Database Systems 11
An Example of Po or Design:The relational schema for Students il-
lustrates a p o or design choice; you shouldnevercreate a ﬁeld such asage,
whose value is constantly changing. A b etter choice would b eDOB(for
date of birth); age can b e computed from this. We continue to useagein
our examples, however, b ecause it makes them easier to read.
1.5.1 The Relational Model
In this section we provide a brief intro duction to the relational mo del. The
central data description construct in this mo del is arelation, which can b e
thought of as a set ofrecords.
A description of data in terms of a data mo del is called aschema. In the
relational mo del, the schema for a relation sp eciﬁes its name, the name of each
ﬁeld(orattributeorcolumn), and the typ e of each ﬁeld. As an example,
student information in a university database may b e stored in a relation with
the following schema:
Students(sid:string,name:string,login:string,
age:integer,gpa:real)
The preceding schema says that each record in the Students relation has ﬁve
ﬁelds, with ﬁeld names and typ es as indicated. An example instance of the
Students relation app ears in Figure 1.1.
sid name l og in ag e g pa
53666 Jones jones@cs 18 3.4
53688 Smith smith@ee 18 3.2
53650 Smith smith@math 19 3.8
53831 Madayan madayan@music 11 1.8
53832 Guldu guldu@music 12 2.0
Figure 1.1An Instance of the Students Relation
Each row in the Students relation is a record that describ es a student. The
description is not complete—for example, the student’s height is not included—
but is presumably adequate for the intended applications in the university
database. Every row follows the schema of the Students relation. The schema
can therefore b e regarded as a template for describing a student.
We can make the description of a collection of students more precise by sp ecify-
ingintegrity constraints, which are conditions that the records in a relation

12 Chapter 1
must satisfy. For example, we could sp ecify that every student has a unique
sidvalue. Observe that we cannot capture this information by simply adding
another ﬁeld to the Students schema. Thus, the ability to sp ecify uniqueness
of the values in a ﬁeld increases the accuracy with which we can describ e our
data. The expressiveness of the constructs available for sp ecifying integrity
constraints is an imp ortant asp ect of a data mo del.
Other Data Models
In addition to the relational data mo del (which is used in numerous systems,
including IBM’s DB2, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft’s Access, FoxBase,
Paradox, Tandem, and Teradata), other imp ortant data mo dels include the
hierarchical mo del (e.g., used in IBM’s IMS DBMS), the network mo del (e.g.,
used in IDS and IDMS), the ob ject-oriented mo del (e.g., used in Ob jectstore
and Versant), and the ob ject-relational mo del (e.g., used in DBMS pro ducts
from IBM, Informix, Ob jectStore, Oracle, Versant, and others). While many
databases use the hierarchical and network mo dels and systems based on the
ob ject-oriented and ob ject-relational mo dels are gaining acceptance in the mar-
ketplace, the dominant mo del to day is the relational mo del.
In this b o ok, we fo cus on the relational mo del b ecause of its wide use and im-
p ortance. Indeed, the ob ject-relational mo del, which is gaining in p opularity, is
an eﬀort to combine the b est features of the relational and ob ject-oriented mo d-
els, and a go o d grasp of the relational mo del is necessary to understand ob ject-
relational concepts. (We discuss the ob ject-oriented and ob ject-relational mo d-
els in Chapter 23.)
1.5.2 Levels of Abstraction in a DBMS
The data in a DBMS is describ ed at three levels of abstraction, as illustrated
in Figure 1.2. The database description consists of a schema at each of these
three levels of abstraction: theconceptual,physical, andexternal.
Adata deﬁnition language(DDL) is used to deﬁne the external and concep-
tual schemas. We discuss the DDL facilities of the most widely used database
language, SQL, in Chapter 3. All DBMS vendors also supp ort SQL commands
to describ e asp ects of the physical schema, but these commands are not part of
the SQL language standard. Information ab out the conceptual, external, and
physical schemas is stored in thesystem catalogs(Section 12.1). We discuss
the three levels of abstraction in the rest of this section.

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CODFISH INDUSTRY, NEWFOUNDLAND, scenes 1–4. ©
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 5Jan1912; J165015–18.
THE CO-ED PROFESSOR. © Independent Moving Picture Co.;
25Sept1911; J160310.
On same reel with Through the Dells of Wisconsin.
THE COFFIN SHIP. SEE The Wreck of the Aurora.
COFFYN HYDROAEROPLANE ALIGHTING IN EAST RIVER, N.
Y. © Vitagraph Co. of America; 20Mar1912; J167411.
COHEN AT CONEY ISLAND. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
17Mar1909; H124227.
COHEN’S ADVERTISING SCHEME. © Thomas A. Edison;
16Feb1904; H42210.
COHEN’S DREAM OF CONEY ISLAND. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 13Mar1909; H123952.
COHEN’S FIRE SALE, scenes 1–12. © Thomas A. Edison;
14June1907; H95238–49.
COIL WINDING MACHINES, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6May1904; H45401.
COIL WINDING SECTION E, WESTINGHOUSE WORKS. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6May1904; H45402.

A COLD SUPPER WITH A HOT FINISH. © American Mutoscope
& Biograph Co.; 20June1903; H33024.
COLLECTING MAIL, U.S.P.O. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 22Aug1903; H34968.
COLLEGE CHUMS, scenes 1–8. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Nov1907;
H102945–52.
A COLLEGE GIRL’S AFFAIR OF HONOR. © American Mutoscope
& Biograph Co.; 19June1906; H79737.
THE COLLINWOOD [OHIO] SCHOOL FIRE. © William Bullock;
23Mar1908; H107814.
THE COLLINWOOD [OHIO] SCHOOL FIRE FUNERAL. ©
William Bullock; 23Mar1908; H107815.
COLONEL FUNSTAN [i.e. FUNSTON] SWIMMING THE BAGLAG
RIVER. © Thos. A. Edison; 23Sept1899; 61838.
THE COLONEL’S FRIEND. © Frank Graham; 12July1905;
H63157.
A COLONIAL ROMANCE. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
11Jan1909; H121461.
COLONIAL VIRGINIA, scenes 1–5. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
19Nov1908; H118492–96.
THE COLORED STENOGRAPHER, scenes 1–5. © Edison Mfg.
Co.; 9Mar1909; H123788–92.
COLORED TROOPS DISEMBARKING [Spanish-American War].
© Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31436.
“COLUMBIA” AND “DEFENDER” ROUNDING STAKE-BOAT. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 8May1902; H17487.
“COLUMBIA” AND “SHAMROCK II” [America’s Cup Races]. ©
Thomas A. Edison.
Jockeying and starting. © 7Oct1901; H9408.
Finishing second race. © 7Oct1901; H9409.
Start of second race. © 7Oct1901; H9410.

Turning the outer stake boat. © 9Oct1901; H9496.
Starting in the third race. © 9Oct1901; H9497.
“COLUMBIA” CLOSE TO THE WIND. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903; H26955.
“COLUMBIA” vs. “DEFENDER.” © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30746.
“COLUMBIA” WINNING THE CUP [America’s Cup Races:
Columbia and Shamrock I]. © Thomas A. Edison; 24Oct1899;
69350.
“COLUMBIA” WINNING THE CUP [America’s Cup Races:
Columbia and Shamrock II]. © Thomas A. Edison; 9Oct1901;
H9495.
COMATA, THE SIOUX. © Biograph Co.; 1c 13Sept1909; J131568.
COMEDY AND TRAGEDY, scenes 1–5. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
2Nov1909; J134484–88.
COMEDY CAKE WALK. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
11May1903; H31675.
A COMEDY IN BLACK AND WHITE, scenes 1–2. © Edison Mfg.
Co.; 4Sept1908; H115348–49.
A COMEDY OF ERRORS. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
1Feb1908; H105775.
A COMEDY OF UNDERSTANDING, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A.
Edison, Inc.; 21June1911; J156880–83.
COMEDY SET-TO. © Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31430.
COMING OF COLUMBUS. © Selig Polyscope Co.
Scenes 1–10. © 1c 8Apr1912; J167883–92.
Scenes 11–26. © 1c 13Apr1912; J168122–37.
COMMITTEE ON ART. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
27Feb1904; H42804.
THE COMMUTER’S WIFE, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
7Feb1912; J166381–84.

COMPANY DRILL, ST. JOHN’S MILITARY ACADEMY. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 17Mar1904; H43410.
COMRADES. © Biograph Co.; 1c 14Mar1911; J153151.
CONCEALING A BURGLAR. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 22Oct1908; H117340.
THE CONDEMNATION OF FAUST. © S. Lubin; 15Jan1904;
H40888.
CONDENSED MILK. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
20June1903; H32872.
CONEY ISLAND AT NIGHT. © Thomas A. Edison; 29June1905;
H62761.
THE CONEY ISLAND BEACH PATROL. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 13Aug1904; H49071.
THE CONEY ISLAND BIKERS. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 24Feb1903; H28550.
CONEY ISLAND POLICE COURT. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 25Aug1908; H115087.
CONFIDENCE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
8Apr1909; H125501.
CONGRESS OF NATIONS. © Thomas A. Edison; 16Nov1900;
D21659.
THE CONJUROR’S OUTING. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909;
H126441.
THE CONQUERING HERO. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 20Mar1909;
H124441.
CONSCIENCE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 10Mar1911; J153060.
A CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE KING, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A.
Edison, Inc.; 20Oct1911; J161706–09.
CONTRARY WIND. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
24Feb1903; H28559.
A CONVENIENT BURGLAR. © Biograph Co.; 1c 25Sept1911;
J160416.

CONVERTED BY A BILLIKEN. SEE Grin and Win.
THE CONVERTS. © Biograph Co.; 1c 16Mar1910; J139195.
CONVICT LIFE IN THE OHIO PENITENTIARY. © America’s
Feature Film Co.; 1c 18May1912; J169358.
CONVICTED BY HYPNOTISM; or, A DOUBLE LIFE, 2 pts. ©
Société Francaise des Films & Cinematographes Eclair; 1c
5Aug1912; J171903.
THE CONVICT’S BRIDE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
9Aug1906; H81754.
THE CONVICT’S ESCAPE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 10Sept1904; H50327.
CONVICTS NO. 10 AND NO. 13, parts 1–3. © Ingvald C. Oes; 1c
1Mar1912; J166791–93.
THE CONVICT’S PAROLE, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
17May1912; J169450–53.
A CONVICT’S PUNISHMENT. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 7Feb1903; H27980.
THE COOK IN THE PARLOR. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 23June1903; H32908.
THE COOK IN TROUBLE. © Geo. Méliès; 9May1904; H45466.
THE COOK’S REVENGE. © S. Lubin; 7Mar1901; H1774.
COON TOWN PARADE. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5Feb1909; H122572.
THE COP AND THE NURSE GIRL. © Thomas A. Edison;
12Dec1898; 72467.
THE COP FOOLS THE SERGEANT. © Thomas A. Edison;
29Apr1904; H45037.
THE COQUETTE, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 21Jan1910;
J137658–61.
CORBETT AND COURTNEY BEFORE THE KINETOGRAPH. ©
Wm. K. L. Dickson; 17Nov1894; 53707.

CORBETT AND JEFFRIES FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the
Corbett and Jeffries Fight.
CORBETT AND MCCOY FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of the Corbett
and McCoy Fight.
CORBETT-MCGOVERN FIGHT. SEE Reproduction of Corbett-
McGovern Fight.
CORCORAN CADETS, WASHINGTON [McKinley Inaugural
Parade]. © Thomas A. Edison; 8May1897; 28515.
THE CORD OF LIFE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
22Jan1909; H121877.
CORK LEG LEGACY. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 3May1909; H126442.
CORNELL-COLUMBIA-UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA BOAT
RACE AT ITHACA, N. Y., SHOWING LEHIGH VALLEY
OBSERVATION TRAIN. © Thomas A. Edison; 6June1901;
H4935.
A CORNER IN THE PLAY ROOM. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 8July1903; H33291.
A CORNER IN WHEAT. © Biograph Co.; 1c 15Dec1909; J135969.
CORNER MADISON AND STATE STREETS, CHICAGO. ©
Thomas A. Edison; 31July1897; 43410.
CORPUS CHRISTI PROCESSION, ORVIETO. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35635.
“CORSAIR” IN WAKE OF TUGBOAT. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 14Jan1903; H26952.
THE CORSET MODEL. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
20June1903; H32866.
THE CORSICAN BROTHERS, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison,
Inc.; 9Feb1912; J166377–80.
COSSACK CAVALRY. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
3Aug1903; H34102.
COSY CORNER DANCE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
25June1903; H32943.

COTTON INDUSTRY. © Imp Films Co.; 15Jan1912; J164477.
On same reel with How She Married.
THE COTTON INDUSTRY OF THE SOUTH. © S. Lubin;
3Oct1908; H116478.
COTTON SPINNING. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
6Mar1903; H29001.
COUNCIL BLUFFS BRIDGE STATION. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 11Mar1903; H29152.
THE COUNT OF NO ACCOUNT. © S. Lubin; 28Jan1908;
H105595.
THE COUNTERFEITERS. © S. Lubin; 24Jan1905; H56167.
A COUNTRY COURTSHIP. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 25Oct1905; H67887.
A COUNTRY CUPID. © Biograph Co.; 1c 29July1911; J158240.
THE COUNTRY DOCTOR. © Biograph Co.; 1c 9July1909;
J129513.
A COUNTRY GIRL IN PHILADELPHIA. © S. Lubin; 16Mar1908;
H107537.
A COUNTRY GIRL’S SEMINARY LIFE AND EXPERIENCES,
scenes 1–6. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 25Mar1908; H107917–22.
THE COUNTRY SCHOOLMASTER. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 6Oct1906; H83541.
THE COUNT’S WOOING. © Geo. Méliès; 17Nov1909; J134442.
A COUPLE OF LIGHTWEIGHTS AT CONEY ISLAND. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1904; H48620.
THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 26Sept1905; H66191.
THE COURSE OF TRUE LOVE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 8Feb1910;
J138088.
A COWARD, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Aug1909;
J130719–22.

THE COWBOY AND THE LADY. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 1Oct1903; H36402.
THE COWBOY AND THE SCHOOLMARM, scenes 1–6. © Edison
Mfg. Co.; 1Apr1908; H108151–56.
A COWBOY ELOPEMENT. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
17Jan1908; H105166.
COWBOY JUSTICE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
11Jan1904; H40754.
COWBOYS AND INDIANS FORDING RIVER IN A WAGON. ©
Thomas A. Edison; 18May1904; H46141.
A COWBOY’S ROMANCE. © Centaur Film Co.; 26June1909;
H128972.
A COWBOY’S STRATAGEM, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison,
Inc.; 2Mar1912; J167023–26.
A COWBOY’S SWEETHEART. © Centaur Film Co., Inc.;
23Apr1909; H126067.
THE COWPUNCHER’S GLOVE, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
2Dec1910; J148712–15.
A CRAZY COMPOSER. © George Méliès; 3June1905; H61532.
A CRAZY QUILT. © The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12Nov1907;
H102390.
THE CREATORS OF FOXY GRANDPA. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 23May1902; H18032.
THE CRICKET ON THE HEARTH. © Biograph Co.; 26May1909;
H127599.
THE CRIMINAL HYPNOTIST. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 12Jan1909; H121531.
THE CRIMINAL’S DAUGHTER. © S. Lubin; 25Aug1908;
H115089.
CRIPPLE CREEK BAR-ROOM SCENE. © Thomas A. Edison;
10May1899; 31770.

CRIPPLE CREEK FLOATS. © Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898;
13539.
THE CRISIS. © New York Motion Picture Co., Inc.; 15May1912;
J169703.
CRISSIE SHERIDAN. © Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60590.
THE CRITIC. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Jan1906;
H72184.
THE CROOKED ROAD. © Biograph Co.; 1c 25May1911; J155829.
CROSS COUNTRY RUNNING ON SNOW SHOES. © Thomas A.
Edison; 17Feb1902; H14293.
THE CROSS ROAD. © S. Lubin; 25Sept1908; H116150.
CROSSING ICE BRIDGE AT NIAGARA FALLS. © Thomas A.
Edison; 15Jan1904; H40910.
CROSSING THE ATLANTIC. © Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903;
H32796.
CROSSROADS OF LIFE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
20June1908; H112128.
CROWD ENTERING, FUTURITY DAY. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 17Sept1902; H21775.
CROWDS RETURNING FROM THE GAMES, WAIKIKI, H. I. ©
Thomas A. Edison; 13Nov1906; H85056.
THE CRUCIAL TEST, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
7July1911; J157537–40.
CRUELTY TO HORSES. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
1Oct1904; H51117.
THE CRUISE OF THE “GLADYS.” © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 25Aug1906; H82299.
CRUISER “CINCINNATI” [Spanish-American War]. © Thomas A.
Edison; 21Apr1898; 25327.
CRUISER “DETROIT” [Spanish-American War]. © Thomas A.
Edison; 21Apr1898; 25326.

CRUISER “MARBLEHEAD” [Spanish-American War]. © Thomas
A. Edison; 22Apr1898; 25564.
THE CRUSADER, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
30June1911; J157084–87.
THE CRUSADERS; or, JERUSALEM DELIVERED. © World’s
Best Film Co.; 4July1911; J157263.
THE CRUSHED HAT. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
29Mar1904; H44030.
THE CRUSHED TRAGEDIAN. © S. Lubin; 21July1908; H113740.
A CRY FROM THE WILDERNESS, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
22Mar1909; H124583–86.
THE CRYSTAL CASKET. © Geo. Méliès; 21Mar1905; H58074.
THE CRYSTAL CASKET. SEE Glass Coffin.
THE CUB REPORTER, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
23Aug1912; J176455–58.
CUBAN AMBUSH [Spanish-American War]. © Thomas A. Edison;
5Aug1898; 46695.
CUBAN REFUGEES WAITING FOR RATIONS [Spanish-American
War]. © Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31439.
CUBAN VOLUNTEERS EMBARKING [Spanish-American War].
© Thomas A. Edison; 22June1898; 38246.
CUBAN VOLUNTEERS MARCHING FOR RATIONS [Spanish-
American War]. © Thomas A. Edison; 20May1898; 31434.
A CUP OF TEA AND SHE, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
8Apr1909; H125513–16.
CUPID AND PSYCHE. © Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897; 60560.
CUPID’S JOKE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 8May1911; J155076.
CUPID’S PRANKS, scenes 1–7. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 19Feb1908;
H106508–14.
CUPID’S REALM; or, A GAME OF HEARTS. © The Vitagraph Co.
of America; 19Feb1908; H106452.

CURE FOR BASHFULNESS. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
19Dec1908; H120077.
A CURE FOR CRIME, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
27Sept1911; J160329–32.
A CURE FOR DYSPEPSIA, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
21June1911; J156910–13.
A CURE FOR RHEUMATISM. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
11Mar1909; H123858.
THE CURE THAT FAILED. © Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 3Aug1912;
J171838.
CURED. © Biograph Co.; 1c 28Mar1911; J153534.
THE CURFEW BELL, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 3June1909;
H127992–95.
CURING A JEALOUS HUSBAND. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 5June1909;
H128024.
CURING THE OFFICE BOY, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison,
Inc.; 17Feb1912; J166531–34.
CURIOSITY. © Biograph Co.; 1c 3June1911; J156203.
CURIOSITY PUNISHED. © Geo. Méliès; 20Apr1908; H109548.
A CURIOUS DREAM. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
18Mar1907; H91549.
CURIOUS MR. CURIO, scenes 1–5. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
21May1908; H110844–48.
THE CURSE OF GOLD. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 13Mar1909; H123955.
THE CURSE OF GOLD. © S. Lubin; 6Apr1908; H108430.
THE CURTAIN POLE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
2Jan1909; H120977.
A CUSTOMER DROPS IN. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 24Apr1903; H30749.
CUTTING AND CANALING ICE [Groton Ice Fields]. © Thomas A.
Edison; 24Feb1902; H14436.

CUTTING SUGAR CANE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
23May1902; H18040.
CYNTHIA’S AGREEMENT, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
25Sept1912; J176558–61.

D
DAD’S A GENTLEMAN TOO. © Frank Graham; 12July1905;
H63156.
THE DAIRY MAID’S REVENGE. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 25Aug1902; H21311.
THE DAISY COWBOYS, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
9Dec1911; J164286–89.
DALY OF WEST POINT WINNING HURDLE RACE. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 9Dec1902; H24881.
THE DAM BUILDER, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
13Sept1912; J176503–06.
LA DAME AUX CAMELIAS. With Mme. Sarah Bernhardt. ©
French-American Film Co.; 1c 24Feb1912; J166636.
THE DAMNATION OF FAUST. © George Méliès; 11Dec1903;
H39290.
DAN, THE DANDY. © Biograph Co.; 1c 20Sept1911; J160241.
DANCE, FRANCHONETTI SISTERS. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30723.
A DANCE IN PAJAMAS. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
7Dec1903; H39142.
THE DANCE OF THE SEVEN VEILS. SEE Salome.
A DANCE ON THE PIKE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
22Mar1904; H43560.
THE DANCER AND THE KING; a romantic story of Spain. © The
Vitagraph Co. of America; 8Dec1908; H119406.
DANCING BOXING MATCH, MONTGOMERY AND STONE. ©
The Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 7May1907; H93358.

DANCING CHINAMAN, MARIONETTES. © Thomas A. Edison;
7Oct1898; 59208.
DANCING DARKEY BOY. © Thomas A. Edison; 25Oct1897;
60568.
DANCING DARKIES. © American Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897;
3540.
THE DANCING FIEND. © S. Lubin; 5Aug1908; H114298.
THE DANCING GIRL OF BUTTE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 8Jan1910;
J136851.
THE DANCING LEGS. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
1Apr1908; H108127.
A DANCING LESSON: A LITTLE PRACTICE. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 23Dec1904; H54690.
THE DANDY FIFTH. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
5Sept1902; H21512.
DANGER OF DINING IN PRIVATE DINING ROOMS. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 5June1903; H32408.
A DANGEROUS LESSON, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
13Aug1912; J172453–56.
A DANGEROUS PAIR, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Sept1909;
J131476–79.
A DANGEROUS PLAY, parts 1–2. © Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 19Apr1912;
J168439–40.
DANIEL BOONE, scenes 1–13. © Thomas A. Edison; 3Jan1907;
H88545–57.
DANTE’S INFERNO. © Monopol Film Co.
Pt. 1. © 1c 27June1911; J157014.
Pt. 2. © 1c 12July1911; J157495.
Pt. 3. © 1c 12July1911; J157496.
Pt. 4. © 1c 12July1911; J157497.

DANTE’S PROGRESS AND EXPERIENCES THROUGH
PARADISE. © National Film Distributing Co.; 1c 29Apr1912;
J168785.
DANTE’S PROGRESS AND EXPERIENCES THROUGH
PURGATORY. © National Film Distributing Co.; 1c 29Apr1912;
J168784.
THE DARLING OF THE GALLERY GODS. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 15July1905; H63379.
A DASH THROUGH THE CLOUDS. © Biograph Co.; 1c
28June1912; J170666.
A DASH TO DEATH, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 27Aug1909;
J131252–55.
A DAUGHTER OF THE MINES, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
25Nov1910; J148424–27.
A DAUGHTER OF THE SUN, scenes 1–6. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
17Feb1909; H123010–15.
DAVE’S LOVE AFFAIR. © Biograph Co.; 1c 10June1911; J156469.
DAVEY JONES’ LOCKER. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 24Apr1903; H30728.
THE DAY AFTER. © Biograph Co.; 1c 3Jan1909; J136612.
A DAY AT THE CIRCUS. © Thomas A. Edison; 17May1901;
H4418.
A DAY AT WEST POINT MILITARY ACADEMY, NEW YORK,
scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 24Oct1911; J161698–701.
A DAY IN WASHINGTON; the Capital of the United States,
showing many points of interest. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 26Feb1909; H123375.
THE DAY OF THE DOG. © S. Lubin; 1Feb1909; H122288.
A DAY ON A BUFFALO RANCH. © Imp Films Co.; 27Jan1912;
J165053.
On same reel with All A Mistake.

A DAY ON A BUFFALO RANCH. © Imp Films Co.; 27Jan1912;
J165409.
THE DAYS OF ’61. SEE The Blue and the Gray.
THE DEACON’S LOVE LETTER. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
22Jan1909; H121845.
A DEAD MAN’S CHILD, no. 1–2. © Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 7Dec1911;
J163442–43.
THE DEADWOOD SLEEPER. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 26May1905; H61361.
DEAF MUTE GIRL RECITING “STAR SPANGLED BANNER.” ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 7June1902; H18743.
DEAR OLD STARS AND STRIPES, GOODBYE. © S. Lubin;
2Oct1903; H36488.
A DEARLY PAID FOR KISS. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
17Oct1908; H117107.
THE DEATH DISC. © Biograph Co.; 1c 3Dec1909; J135518.
THE DEATH OF NATHAN HALE, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A.
Edison, Inc.; 29Sept1911. J160333–36.
THE DECEIVED SLUMMING PARTY. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 28July1908; H113968.
THE DECEIVER. © The Vitagraph Co. of America; 23Dec1907;
H104010.
THE DECEPTION. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
13Mar1909; H123959.
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, scenes 1–4. ©
Thomas A. Edison, Inc.; 1Sept1911; J159414–17.
DECORATED CARRIAGES, no. 11. © Thomas A. Edison;
24Feb1898; 13535.
DECOYED. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28Oct1904;
H52231.
A DECREE OF DESTINY. © Biograph Co.; 1c 7Mar1911; J152949.

DEEP BREATHING AND CHEST EXPANSION. © Winthrop
Press; 18Apr1906; H75806.
DEER STALKING WITH CAMERA. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 3Jan1906; H71527.
THE DELAYED PROPOSAL. © Biograph Co.; 1c 21June1911;
J156842.
DELIRIUM IN A STUDIO. © Geo. Méliès; 7Dec1907; H103393.
DELIVERING MAIL FROM SUB-STATION [U.S.P.O.]. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 1Oct1903; H36398.
DELIVERING NEWSPAPERS. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 24Apr1903; H30745.
A DELUSION. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
27Sept1902; H22088.
DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL COMMITTEE AT ESOPUS [N. Y.]. ©
American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 4Aug1904; H48851.
DENVER FIRE BRIGADE. © Thomas A. Edison; 24Feb1898;
13532.
THE DEPARTMENT STORE, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison,
Inc.; 15Mar1911; J153383–86.
DEPARTURE OF PEARY [AND] ROOSEVELT FROM NEW
YORK. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 28July1905;
H63906.
DESDEMONA, part 1–2. © Ingvald C. Oes; 1c 16Apr1912;
J168207–08.
THE DESERTED SHAFT. © Imp Films Co.; 15Jan1912; J164478.
THE DESERTER, parts 1–2. © New York Motion Picture Co.;
15Mar1912; J167154.
THE DESPATCH BEARER. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
6Aug1907; H97722.
A DESPERATE CRIME. © George Méliès; 27Apr1906; H76259.
THE DETERMINED LOVER; or, WHERE THERE’S A WILL,
THERE’S A WAY. © The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1908;

H111706.
“DEUTSCHLAND” LEAVING NEW YORK AT FULL SPEED [With
Prince Henry of Prussia]. © Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1902;
H15199.
DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF BACK AND CHEST. © Winthrop
Press; 18 Apr 1906; H75812.
DEVELOPING MUSCLES OF CHEST AND ABDOMEN. ©
Winthrop Press; 18Apr1906; H75808.
THE DEVIL. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 25Sept1908;
H116154.
THE DEVIL, scenes 1–12. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 10Sept1908;
H115507–18.
THE DEVIL AND THE GAMBLER. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 23Sept1908; H116064.
DEVIL’S SLIDE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
23May1902; H18046.
THE DEWEY ARCH [Spanish-American War; Dewey
Homecoming, New York City]. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 18June1903; H32835.
DEWEY ARCH—TROOPS PASSING UNDER ARCH [Spanish-
American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York City]. © Thomas
A. Edison; 5Oct1899; 64682.
DEWEY PARADE, 10TH PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS
[Spanish-American War; Dewey Homecoming, New York City].
© Thomas A. Edison; 7Oct1899; 65373.
DEYO. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 22Apr1907;
H92889.
DIAL’S GIRLS’ BAND, LUNA PARK. © Eugene Dial; 25Oct1905;
H67888.
THE DIAMOND MAKER; or, FORTUNE AND MISFORTUNE. ©
The Vitagraph Co. of America; 12June1909; H128245.
THE DIAMOND SMUGGLERS. SEE Secret Service.

THE DIAMOND STAR. © Biograph Co.; 1c 21Feb1911; J152473.
DICK CROKER LEAVING TAMMANY HALL. © Thomas A
Edison; 9Feb1900; D3543.
DICK’S SISTER. © S. Lubin; 18June1908; H112074.
DID MOTHER GET HER WISH? © Biograph Co.; 1c 15Jan1912;
J164603.
DID NOT FINISH THE STORY. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 18July1903; H33546.
DIME NOVEL DAN. © The Vitagraph Co. of America; 29Apr1909;
H126310.
A DIME NOVEL DETECTIVE. © S. Lubin; 5Feb1909; H122569.
DINAH’S DEFEAT. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
10Feb1904; H42000.
A DIP IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 16Apr1902, H16642.
THE DISAPPOINTED OLD MAID. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 13June1903; H32632.
DISCHARGING A WHITEHEAD TORPEDO. © Thomas A.
Edison; 12May1900; D10160.
A DISCORDANT NOTE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
6July1903; H33397.
THE DISCOVERERS; a grand historical pageant picturing the
discovery and founding of New France, Canada. © The Vitagraph
Co. of America; 15Aug1908; H114573.
DISCOVERY OF BODIES. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 21Sept1903; H35879.
THE DISINTEGRATED CONVICT. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 4Sept1907; H99034.
THE DISREPUTABLE MR. RAEGEN, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A.
Edison, Inc.; 24Mar1911; J153739–42.
THE DIVIDING LINE. © Universal Film Mfg. Co.; 24June1912;
J170425.

THE DIVING GIRL. © Biograph Co.; 1c 23Aug1911; J159204.
THE DIVING HORSE. © Thomas A. Edison; 23Sept1899; 61839.
DIVING THROUGH HOOPS. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 12Apr1902; H16383.
THE DIVORCE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
13June1903.
Detected. H33410.
On the trail. H33411.
The evidence secured. H33412.
10 FEMMES DANS UN PARAPLUIE. © George Méliès;
26Oct1903; H37511.
DIXON-CHESTER LEON CONTEST. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 6Mar1906; H74312.
DO IT NOW. © S. Lubin; 16Mar1908; H107538.
DO YOU SPEAK FRENCH. SEE Parlez Vous Francais?
THE DOCTOR, scenes 1–3. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 7Feb1911;
J152135–37.
DR. BROMPTON-WATTS’ ADJUSTER, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A.
Edison, Inc.; 6Apr1912; J168020–23.
DR. BUNION AND THE MISCHIEVOUS BOYS. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 18Apr1902; H16736.
DR. CUREM’S PATIENTS. © S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109925.
DR. DIPPY’S SANITARIUM. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 27Oct1906; H84235.
DOCTOR PHANTOM, THE SCIENTIFIC SLEUTH, no. 1–6. ©
Walter Lannoy Brind; 1c 5Aug1912; J171902.
THE DOCTORED DINNER PAIL, scene 1. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
5May1909; H126608.
THE DOCTOR’S BRIDE. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 30Aug1909; J132442.

THE DOCTOR’S FAVORITE PATIENT. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 12June1903; H32560.
DOG FACTORY. © Thomas A. Edison; 21Apr1904; H44668.
A DOG FIGHT. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
24Feb1903; H28562.
A DOG LOST, STRAYED OR STOLEN, $25.00 REWARD. APPLY
TO MRS. BROWN, 711 PARK AVE. © S. Lubin; 23May1905;
H61274.
DOGS PLAYING IN THE SURF. © Thomas A. Edison; 17Feb1898;
12172.
A DOMESTIC REUNION. SEE Two Affinities.
A DONKEY PARTY. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
17June1903; H32788.
THE DONKEY PARTY. © Thomas A. Edison; 16Mar1901; H2342.
DOOLEY’S SCHEME. © Biograph Co.; 1c 15Nov1911; J162974.
THE DOOMED SHIP, scenes 1–4. © Thos. A. Edison, Inc.;
28July1911; J158321–24.
DORA: A RUSTIC IDYLL. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
1Apr1908; H108128.
DOROTHY’S FAMILY. © Independent Moving Picture Co.;
10Aug1911; J158554.
A DOUBLE-BARRELED SUICIDE. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 31July1907; H97473.
A DOUBLE LIFE. © New York Motion Picture Co.; 20July1912;
J171458.
A DOUBLE LIFE. SEE Convicted by Hypnotism.
DOUBLE RING ACT, LUNA PARK [Coney Island]. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 6Oct1903; H36555.
THE DOVE AND THE SERPENT. © Imp Films Co.; 4Apr1912;
J167839.

DOWN ON THE FARM, scenes 1–6. © Thomas A. Edison;
26Oct1905; H67910–67915.
DOWN THE HOTEL CORRIDOR. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 28July1903; H33887.
DOWN THE HUDSON. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
6Oct1903; H36559.
DOWN WESTERN SLOPE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 14Jan1903; H26946.
DOWN WHERE THE WURZBURGER FLOWS. © Thomas A.
Edison; 26Aug1903; H35062.
THE DOWNWARD PATH. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 11Nov1902.
The new soubrette. H23806.
The fresh book agent. H23807.
The girl who went astray. H23808.
The suicide. H23809.
She ran away. H23810.
THE DRAMATIST’S DREAM. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
6July1909; J129521.
THE DRAPED MODEL. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
27Sept1902; H22089.
DRAWING A LOBSTER POT. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 31Dec1902; H25970.
THE DRAWING LESSON; or, THE LIVING STATUE. © George
Méliès; 6July1903; H33237.
DRAWING THE COLOR LINE, scenes 1–3. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
13Jan1909; H121564–66.
DREAM DANCES, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
20Apr1912; J168489–92.
DREAM OF A RAREBIT FIEND, scenes 1–9. © Thomas A. Edison;
24Feb1906; H73985–93.

THE DREAM OF AN OPIUM FIEND. © Geo. Méliès; 14Mar1908;
H107381.
A DREAM OF ROSES. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
9June1904; H46939.
DREAM OF THE RACE TRACK FIEND. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 6Oct1905; H67066.
A DREAM OF WEALTH; a tale of the gold seekers of ’49. © The
Vitagraph Co. of America; 9Dec1908; H119443.
DREAMS OF A POLICEMAN. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
20July1908; H113633.
DRESS PARADE OF SCOUTS. ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION
[Louisiana Purchase Exposition]. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 17June1904; H47293.
DRESS PARADE, ST. JOHN’S ACADEMY. © American Mutoscope
& Biograph Co.; 23Mar1904; H43621.
DRESS SUITS IN PAWN, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
20Mar1912; J167598–601.
THE DRESSMAKER’S ACCIDENT. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 7Dec1903; H39141.
THE DRESSMAKER’S LOYAL SON. SEE The Little Father.
DRILL, AMBULANCE CORPS. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 17June1903; H32790.
DRILL BY NAVAL MILITIA. © American Mutoscope & Biograph
Co.; 26Apr1902; H17044.
DRILL BY PROVIDENCE POLICE. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 5Dec1903; H38866.
DRILL, YE TARRIERS, DRILL. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 5Apr1902; H16091.
DRILLING AN AWKWARD SQUAD. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 3Jan1905; H55398.
DRILLS AND EXERCISES, SCHOOLSHIP “ST. MARY’S.” ©
Thomas A. Edison; 17June1905; H62108.

A DRINK! A great temperance story. © Geo. Méliès; 6Aug1907;
H97724.
THE DRINK CURE. © S. Lubin; 28Apr1908; H109926.
DRIVE FOR A LIFE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
14Apr1909; H125726.
DRIVEN FROM HOME. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 17June1909; H128495.
DRIVEN FROM HOME. © S. Lubin; 29July1908; H113994.
DRIVING CATTLE TO PASTURE. © Thomas A. Edison;
18May1904; H46137.
A DROP OF INK. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
12Jan1904; H40815.
DROWSY DICK, OFFICER NO. 73, scenes 1–2. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
29Apr1910; J141049–50.
DRUM CORPS AND MILITIA [McKinley Inaugural Parade]. ©
Thomas A. Edison; 15Mar1897; 17406.
THE DRUMMER’S DAY OFF. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
7Apr1908; H108472.
DRUNKARD’S CHILD. © Lubin Mfg. Co.; 9Aug1909; J132443.
THE DRUNKARD’S REFORMATION. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 31Mar1909; H125114.
THE DRUNKEN ACROBAT—O’BRIEN AND HAVEL. © American
Mutoscope Co.; 7Jan1897; 3559.
THE DUDE AND THE BATHING GIRLS. © American Mutoscope
& Biograph Co.; 13July1903; H33417.
THE DUDE AND THE BURGLARS. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 13Aug1903; H34510.
A DUEL IN MID-AIR, scenes 1–4. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 5Nov1909;
J134480–83.
DUEL SCENE, “BY RIGHT OF SWORD.” © American Mutoscope
& Biograph Co.; 16Jan1904; H40943.

DUEL SCENE FROM “MACBETH.” © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 24July1905; H63805.
DUET FROM “MARTHA” (FLOTOW). © Lubin Mfg. Co.;
5Feb1909; H122573.
DUKE AND DUCHESS OF CORNWALL AND YORK LANDING
AT QUEENSTOWN, ONTARIO. © Thomas A. Edison;
22Oct1901; H9962.
DUKE OF YORK AT MONTREAL AND QUEBEC. © Thomas A.
Edison; 4Oct1901; H9310.
THE DUKE’S JESTER; or, A FOOL’S REVENGE. © The Vitagraph
Co. of America; 12June1909; H128250.
THE DUKE’S PLAN. © Biograph Co.; 1c 12Feb1910; J138229.
A DULL RAZOR. © Thomas A. Edison; 28Feb1900; D4732.
A DUMB HERO, scenes 1–5. © Edison Mfg. Co.; 24July1908;
H113885–89.
THE DUMB MESSENGER. © Independent Moving Picture Co.;
4Dec1911; J163273.
THE DUMB WITNESS. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
28Aug1908; H115156.
THE DUMB WOOING, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
17Apr1912; J168501–04.
DUMPING IRON ORE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
5Dec1903; H38859.
A DUTCH GOLD MINE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 3June1911; J156204.
THE DUTCH KIDDIES: MONTGOMERY AND STONE. © The
Winthrop Moving Picture Co.; 24May1907; H94485.
DUTY. © Independent Moving Picture Co.; 7Sept1911; J159748.
DUTY VERSUS REVENGE. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
19Sept1908; H115857.
THE DYNAMITE WAISTCOAT. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
10Apr1909; H125539.

THE DYNAMITER. © The World Film Mfg. Co.; 10Mar1908;
H107213.
DYNAMITING RUINS AND PULLING DOWN WALLS IN SAN
FRANCISCO [San Francisco Earthquake]. © The Vitagraph Co.
of America; 14May1906; H77297.

E
EAGLE DANCE, PUEBLO INDIANS. © Thomas A. Edison;
24Feb1898; 13541.
THE EARLY MORNING ATTACK [Spanish-American War]. ©
Thomas A. Edison; 22Sept1899; 61216.
EAST LYNNE; or, LED ASTRAY. © The Vitagraph Co. of America;
1June1908; H111203.
AN EAST RIVER NOVELTY. © Thomas A. Edison; 22Oct1903;
H37247.
EAST SIDE DRIVE, no. 1–2. © Thomas A. Edison; 31Oct1896;
60140–41.
EAST SIDE URCHINS BATHING IN A FOUNTAIN. © Thomas A.
Edison; 3Oct1903; H36495.
THE EASTERNER; a tale of the West. © The Vitagraph Co. of
America; 31July1907; H97474.
THE EASY CHAIR. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
8Jan1904; H40723.
EASY MONEY. © S. Lubin; 3Aug1907; H97638.
EATING FORCE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
22May1903; H32107.
EATING MACARONI IN THE STREETS OF NAPLES. © Thomas
A. Edison; 8June1903; H32452.
THE EAVESDROPPER. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
28Apr1909; H126278.
ECCENTRICITIES OF AN ADIRONDACK CANOE. © American
Mutoscope & Biograph Co.; 10Apr1902; H16337.
THE ECLIPSE. © Geo. Méliès; 23Aug1907; H98713.

ECLIPSE CAR FENDER TEST, no. 1–2. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 12Sept1903; H35652.
EDDIE’S EXPLOIT, scenes 1–4. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.;
1June1912; J170191–94.
EDGAR ALLEN [i.e. ALLAN] POE. © American Mutoscope &
Biograph Co.; 3Feb1909; H122509.
EDISON KINETOSCOPIC RECORD OF A SNEEZE, JANUARY 7,
1894. © W. K. L. Dickson; 9Jan1894; 2887.
EDISON KINETOSCOPIC RECORDS. © W. K. L. Dickson;
9Apr1894; 10776.
EDNA’S IMPRISONMENT. © Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
Scene 1. © 9May1911; J155327.
Scene 2. © 19May1911; J155328.
Scene 3. © 9May1911; J155329.
Scene 4. © 9May1911; J155330.
THE EDUCATED CHIMPANZEE. © Thomas A. Edison;
31July1901; H7331.
EELING THROUGH ICE. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
18Apr1902; H16724.
EFFECTING A CURE. © Biograph Co.; 1c 2Dec1910; J148460.
EGGS HATCHING. © American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.;
22Apr1902; H16922.
EGYPTIAN BOYS IN SWIMMING RACE. © Thomas A. Edison;
10June1903; H32486.
EGYPTIAN FAKIR WITH DANCING MONKEY. © Thomas A.
Edison; 8June1903; H32453.
EGYPTIAN MARKET SCENE. © Thomas A. Edison; 17June1903;
H32804.
THE EGYPTIAN MYSTERY, scenes 1–2. © Edison Mfg. Co.;
16July1909; J129727–28.

Database Management Systems 3rd Edition Raghu Ramakrishnan

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7-10. STP + Branding and Product & Services Strategies.pptx