DD 1- evolution of philippine politics and governance.pptx

WENT

1. EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE HUMSS 11

2. The historical development of Philippine Politics and Government can be studied through its evolution from the Pre-historic period which contributed to the formation of modern Philippine Politics and Government.

3. The Pre-Spanish Government The early Filipinos had a government which they called “ Balangay ”. The head or the leader was called a Datu or Rajah who was assisted by the elders in the community. All powers of the government were exercised by the datu or rajah. He was the chief executive, law giver, chief judge and military head. There are three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), the Timawas (Freemen) and the Alipin (Slaves). The Datu or the Rajah came from the Maharlika (The upper class).

4. The Maharlika (Nobles),

5. The Timawas (Freemen)

6. The Datu or the Rajah

7. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule The Philippines was governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of Mexico. When Mexico, also a former colony of Spain gained her freedom in 1821, the Philippines was ruled directly by Spain until 1898. The government established in the Philippines was centralized.

8. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule The national government was headed by a Spanish Governor General, who was appointed by the King of Spain. The Governor-General was at times called the “Representative of the King of Spain” or the “Little King in the Philippines”. In theory, he was the highest government official in the country, and practice frailocracy “Rule of friars” existed thus overpowering the Governor General.

9. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule Below the national government was the Alcaldia (Provinces) headed by the Alcalde Mayor, the Pueblos (Towns) which were led by the Gobernadorcillo (little governor) and the barangays which were led by the Cabeza de Barangay.

10. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule Andres Bonifacio organized the Katipunan , a secret revolutionary organization of the Filipinos. Its aim was a complete separation from Spain. It precipitated the Philippine Revolution on August 26, 1896 (De Leon & De Leon, 2014). It was replaced by another government when it was discovered by the Spanish authorities. The new government was headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22-23, 1897.

11. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule The Biak-Na- Bato Republic was created by Gen. Aguinaldo on November 1, 1897. Its aim was separation from Spain and formation of the Philippines as an independent state. The Republic existed until December 15, 1897, with the signing of the Pact of Biak-Na- Bato .

12. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule It resulted in the Revolutionary exile of Aguinaldo and his men to Hongkong provided that General Primo de Rivera would pay $800,000. On May 24, 1889, Gen. Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government when he returned from his exile in Hongkong . The notable achievements of the Dictatorial Government were: 1) the proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit , Cavite on June 12, 1898; and 2) the reorganization of local governments.

13. Government in the Philippines under the Spanish Rule A Revolutionary Government replaced the Dictatorial Government still with Gen. Aguinaldo as the head. On January 23, 1899, the first Philippine Republic was established with Gen. Aguinaldo as the President.

14. The Government during the American Regime The Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898. The president of the United States delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all powers of the government (until the war lasted) - executive, legislative and judiciary.

15. The Government during the American Regime The Spooner Amendment ended the military regime in the Philippines. It was changed into civil government headed by Civil Governor on July 4, 1901. The title was changed to Governor General on February 6, 1905. The Governor General has legislative powers, and he was the President of the Philippines commission from 1901-1907.

16. The Government during the American Regime The Philippine Commission was the sole law making body of the Government. Eventually, this became the upper house of the legislative department of the Philippine Assembly (Created by Philippine Bill of 1902) as the lower chamber. The Jones law of 1916 which became the fundamental law for the Philippines vested the legislative power in an all- Filipino law-making body composed of the Philippine Senate and the House of Representatives.

17. The Commonwealth Government The Tydings-Mcduffie Law in 1934 established the Commonwealth Government. It was a form of government in transition toward independence. It provide for a ten-year transition period after which the Philippine independence would be Proclaimed and established.

18. The Commonwealth Government The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The first National Election in the country was held September 12, 1935. Manuel L. Quezon was the President, and his Vice-President was Sergio Osmena . The Commonwealth Government functioned in exile during World War II in Washington, USA, from May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944 after which it was reestablished in Manila on February 27, 1945. The USA turned over to a Filipino President the full powers and responsibilities of the Commonwealth Government under the 1935 Constitution.

19. The Government under the Japanese Occupation The Japanese military administration was established in Manila on January 3, 1942. A civil government which was called the Philippine Executive Commission was established with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman. It had legislative and executive powers but laws enacted though were subject to approval by the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese forces. On October 14, 1943, the Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic with Jose P. Laurel as the President was inaugurated.

20. The Presidents of the Philippines

21. Since independence in 1898 and the ratification of the Philippine Constitution in the First Republic, there have been 16 presidents. Starting with General Emilio Aguinaldo all the way to current president Rodrigo Roa Duterte .

22. General Emilio Aguinaldo

23. Manuel L. Quezon

24. Jose P. Laurel

25. Sergio Osmeña

26. Manuel Roxas

27. Elpidio Quirino

28. Ramon Magsaysay

29. Carlos P. Garcia

30. Diosdado Macapagal

31. Ferdinand Marcos

32. Corazon Aquino

33. Fidel V. Ramos

34. Joseph Estrada

35. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

36. Benigno Aquino III

37. Rodrigo R. Duterte