deafness and blindness-200811064735-1.pptx

presentation of blindness and deafness

1. Deafness & Blindness Deafness: Anusha Mariam-S23-001 Imran Abbas-S23-006 Blindness: M.Bilal Ramey-F22-017 Laiba Yahya-S23-003 Submitted To: Ma’am Ambreen Sadaf

2. Definition Deafness, Hearing impairment or hearing loss refers to the total or partial inability to hear. Types : Conductive hearing loss (CHL) Sensorineural hearing loss (SHL) Mixed hearing loss (MHL) Others Central hearing loss Functional hearing loss Malingering Imran Abbas-S23-006

3. Conductive Hearing Loss Conductive hearing loss is any interference with the conduction of sound impulses through the external auditory canal, the eardrum, or the middle ear. Conductive hearing loss can be caused by anything that interferes with the ability of the sound wave to reach the inner ear such as cerumen, foreign bodies, infection .

4. Causes of Conductive Deafness EXTERNAL EAR: Impacted Wax Otitis Externa Foreign Bodies Polyps Tumours Fluid in the ear MIDDLE EAR Congenital defects of the ear drum and ossicles . Perforation of the tympanic membrane Traumatic: Barotrauma, rupture of ear drum, skull fracture Inflammation: AOM, COM, Neoplasms Otosclerosis

5. Sensorineural Hearing Loss Sensory hearing loss originates in the cochlea and involves the hair cells and nerve endings. Sensorineural hearing loss results from disease or trauma to the sensory or neural components of the inner ear. Presbycusis is hearing loss caused by the aging process that results from degeneration of the organ of Corti . This degenerative process usually begins at 50 years of age.

6. Causes of sensorineural Deafness Congenital Trauma: Head injury, surgical injury to labyrinth, loud sounds producing concussion. Infections: mumps, syphilis, tuberculous meningitis, enteric fever, labyrinthitis . Presbycusis Tumours: Acoustic neuroma Meniere’s disease (Fluctuating hearing lost tinnitus) Ototoxic drugs: streptomycin, Kanamycin, and neomycin. INNER EAR

7. Mixed Hearing Loss Mixed hearing loss occurs when an individual has both conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. This can be caused by a combination of any of the disorders

8. Central Hearing Loss Central hearing loss occurs when the central nervous system cannot interpret normal auditory signals. This condition occurs with such disorders as cerebrovascular accidents and tumors .

9. Causes of Central hearing loss Cerebrovascular accidents Brain tumors Multiple sclerosis

10. Functional Hearing Loss Functional hearing loss is a hearing loss for which no organic cause or lesion can be found. Also called psychogenic hearing loss. Precipitated by emotional stress. Malingering is a type of psychogenic hearing loss. In Malingering, there is no organic or psychological cause. The patient is pretending to be deaf for personal gains.

11. Etiology Age: Increasing age (60 or above) Exposure to loud noise Genetic (Family history of SHL ) Head injury Ototoxic drugs ( eg:Gentamycin ) Anusha Mariam-S23-001

12. Prevention Minimize the exposure to trauma, infection, ototoxic drugs. Wear ear protection to prevent noise-induced hearing loss when exposed to loud noise. Earplugs: Block or reduce entry of sound made of reuseable silicone Earmuffs: Fit over the ear to block sound Noise Cancelling Headphones: Reduce unwanted ambient sound In construction sites, concerts,when using loud machinery

13. Management Medical management Restore hearing Antibiotics: To treat infections Remove impacted wax or foreign bodies Ceruminolytics ( Impacted wax) Corticosteroids (Inflammation)   Assist hearing Hearing aids Implantable middle ear hearing devices Cochlear implants Sign language Auditory rehabilitation

14. Hearing aids : Hearing aid is designed to amplify sound Implantable middle ear hearing devices : Implantable middle ear hearing aids are implanted surgically, can improve sound for patients with moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss.

15. Cochlear implants: Cochlear implants are surgically placed electrical devices that receive sound and transmit the resulting electrical signal to electrodes implanted in the cochlear of the ear. Sign language : It involves hand shapes, movement of hands, arms, body and facial expressions

16. Aural rehabilitation refers to services and procedures for facilitating adequate receptive and expressive communication in individuals with hearing impairment. If a hearing loss is permanent or untreatable, aural rehabilitation may be beneficial.[ Aural rehabilitation Purpose is to maximize the communication skills of the person with hearing impairment.

17. Components Auditory training : Auditory training emphasizes listening skills, so the person who is hearing-impaired concentrates on the speaker. Speech reading : Also known as lip reading. Speech reading can help fill the gaps left by missed or misheard words. Speech training : The goals of speech training are to conserve, develop, and prevent deterioration of current communication skills.

18. What is blindness? Blindness is the inability to see or a lack of vision. In the most severe cases, there’s an inability to see even light. It also means that you can’t correct your vision with eyeglasses, contact lenses, eye drops or other medical therapy, or surgery. Sudden vision loss is an emergency. It’s important to seek immediate medical help. Laiba Yahya-S23-003

19. Blindness Blindness can result from infections, accidents, genetic conditions and other diseases. Types of blindness can range from no vision at all to seeing shapes. Some types can be prevented or cured, but other types can’t be treated.

20. Types of Blindness Color Blindness: The inability to distinguish different shades of colors or the inability to see some or all colors. Colorblind people cannot tell the difference between certain colors, especially green and red or blue and yellow. Some cannot see any color at all and view the world in only their shade of gray. It is due to genetic factors. Which affect the development or function of cones in retina.

21. Night blindness refers to difficulty of seeing at night or in poorly lit areas. Night blindness is not in itself a disorder but a symptom of retinal degradation. Many people with night blindness can see well during the day or in well-lit areas. 2) Night Blindness:

22. 3) Snow Blindness: Snow blindness refers to a loss of vision because of intensive exposure to ultraviolet light. You can still see shapes and movements if you are snow blind, but your vision is permanently reduced. Wearing sunglasses while outdoors can prevent this condition. 

23. 4)Nutritional Blindness: This term describes vision loss from vitamin A deficiency. If the vitamin A deficiency continues, damage to the front surface of the eye (xerophthalmia). This type of blindness can also make it more difficult to see at night or in dim light due to retinal cells not functioning as well.

24. 5)Partial Blindness: You still have some vision. People often call this "low vision.“ The main cause of partial blindness can vary, but common reasons include conditions like glaucoma, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or an injury to the eye. Each of these conditions affects the eye in different ways, leading to partial vision loss or impairment in one or both eyes .

25. 6)Complete Blindness: You can't see or detect light. This condition is very rare. The main cause of complete blindness often includes conditions such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and cataracts.

26. 7)Congenital blindness: This refers to poor vision that you are born with. The causes include inherited eye and retinal conditions and non-inherited birth defects.

27. How common is blindness? Blindness is common throughout the world and in the U.S. It can happen to anyone. In the U.S., about 1 million people are blind. Experts expect this number to double by 2050. There are many more people with low vision. Around the world, an estimated 43 million people are living with blindness In Pakistan: Approximately 4% of the world's blind live in Pakistan. With 1.7 million people blind, many have limited access to eye care

28. Causes of Blindness Several eye conditions can lead to advanced blindness. Among them are: Age-related macular degeneration ( Damage to retina’s central part ) Cataracts ( Cloudy vision, main cause of vision loss, congenital ) Diabetic retinopathy ( Diabetic patient, damage retina’s blood vessels ) Glaucoma ( Destroy eye’s optic nerve )

29. Risk Factors Aging The existence of certain diseases like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and hypertension Premature birth Family history of blindness, diabetes or other vision-related illnesses Poor nutrition Failure to wear protective glasses

30. Early Signs and Symptoms of Blindness Blindness rarely happens suddenly. Some of the early signs and symptoms of this condition include: Excessive light sensitivity Eye pain Difficulty focusing Itchy eye. Red eyes Abnormal eye alignment Pupils changing color from black to white They all do not lead to blindness. M.Bilal Ramey-F22-017

31. Treatment Advances for Blindness Refractive errors can be treated using prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses. Glaucoma can be treated using medications that lower eye pressure. Wet form macular degeneration can be treated with injections and medications. Cataracts can be treated with cataract surgery. Corneal scarring or swelling can be treated with a corneal transplant.

32. Preventing Blindness To help reduce your risk of blindness, you can: Control your blood sugar levels . Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of blindness. Consult your doctor to help you manage your blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels.  Eat nutritious food . Research has shown that food items like salmon and tuna, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, are good for your eye health. Protect yourself from eye injuries . Putting on protective gear while working or playing sports helps prevent blindness due to injuries.

33. Do not smoke . Research has shown that smoking can lead to blindness by increasing your risk of developing cataracts, optic nerve damage and age-related macular degeneration. Visit your eye doctor regularly . If you have any symptoms of early blindness, your eye doctor will notice them and deliver the appropriate treatment.

34. Diagnosis and Tests A provider will test each eye for sight, giving you a thorough eye exam. It’s possible for blindness to affect only one eye. Tests may include: The Snellen test: You’re probably familiar with this test. A provider asks you to read lines of letters that get smaller as they go down the page. This test of visual acuity measures what you can see in front of you (central vision).

35. Visual field testing The visual field means more than central vision. It’s what you can see to either side or above and below without moving your eye.

36. Community-Based Approaches 1. Community Education and Awareness: Public Education Campaigns: Inform the community about the causes of blindness, preventive measures, and the importance of regular eye check-ups. Emphasize the importance of protective eyewear and proper prenatal care. School Screenings: Early detection and treatment of vision problems in children can prevent long-term issues and improve educational outcomes.

37. 2. Access to Medical Care Regular Eye Examinations: Encourage regular eye exams to detect conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, and diabetic retinopathy early. Affordable Treatment: Ensure that eye care services are affordable and accessible, possibly through government programs or partnerships with NGOs.

38. 3. Community Rehabilitation Services Rehabilitation Programs: Establish programs to assist those who are already visually impaired, including mobility training, vocational training, and access to supportive technologies. Support Groups: Create support groups within the community to provide emotional support and practical advice for people dealing with blindness.

39. Thank You for Listening and Watching