Dean stark plug size

Petroleum Fluid Properties Lab, dean stark core plug size

1. i


Phoenicia University
Department Of Engineering
Faculty Of Petroleum Engineering
Petroleum Fluid Properties Laboratory
PENG212L
Dean Stark Plug Size

Submitted to: Mr. Jamil Mahfoud
Submitted by:
Bassam El Ghoul
Mohamad Houdroj
Elio Kattoura
Mouhamad Jawad Al Dor
April 3, 2018

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CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................1
1.1 Definition……………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Objective……………………………………………………………………………………….1
CHAPTER 2 APPARATUS ......................................................................2
CHAPTER 3 OTHER EQUIPMENTS ..........................................................4
CHAPTER 4 PROCEDURE .....................................................................6
CHAPTER 5 CALCULATATION ..............................................................7
CHAPTER 6 RES ULTS AND DISCUSS ION...................................................8
CHAPTER 7 ERROR AND RECOMMENDA TION ..........................................9
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUS ION .................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES................................................................... 11

3. iii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1 DEA N STARK APPARATUS.............................................................. 2
FIGURE 3.1 BEAKER………………………………………………………………….…………. 4
FIGURE 3.2 TOLUENE ................................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3.3 CONICAL FLASK ……………………………………………………………………...4
FIGURE 3.4 TEFLON SLEEVE. ....................................................................... 4
FIGURE 3.5 STIRRER. ................................................................................ 4

4. 1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Definition:
Ernest Woodward Dean, born on 28-sep-1888 in Taunton Massachusetts, United
States, he studied chemistry at Clark University in Worcester. Graduated from Clark
University in 1910, and completed his PhD in kinetics of ester hydrolysis in 1912. In
1918 Dean joined the bureau of Mines Experimental Research Station in Pittsburgh,
and worked on petroleum distillation and characterization. In order to determine the
saturation of water in the crude oil, he worked with the chemist David Dew Stark.
They designed an experiment for the determination of fluid saturation which is Dean-
Stark experiment (Sella, 2010). This experiment is an accurate method to determine
the saturation of fluids in a core sample using distillation. Water in the core is
vaporized using a solvent then condensed and captured in a Burette and this is a
measurement of the volume of water in the sample. The solvent is also condensed and
flow over the sample for oil extraction that takes a minimum time of two days. The
weight of the sample is measured before and after the extraction then the volume of
oil is the loss in weight minus the weight of water removed. And then saturations are
calculated using volumes (Schlumberger, N.d). This experiment has the advantage of
being cheap, portable and has accurate measurements, however, it has the disadvantage
of being only used for poorly consolidated rocks, and it is time consuming.

1.2. Objective:
The aim of this experiment is find the saturations of the fluid in the core sample, and
to clean the sample from any residual oil.

5. 2

CHAPTER 2 APPARATUS
Dean Stark Plug Size: is distillation extractor that enables the determination of fluid saturation
in a core sample by extraction of a warm solvent. Fluids of core sample are leach in the pore
space.

Figure 2.1 Dean Stark Apparatus




Heater
Glass distillation
receiver
Teflon sleeve + cement
Burette or graduated
tube
Cold water
supply
Glass tube
condenser
Cold water
remover
Pume Stone
Mesh
Standard
Flask
Lid, collar, seal
Stand

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1. . Stand: to hand the glass tubes.
2. Glass distillation receiver: connector so the ejected water and oil for the core can pass
through the condenser.
3. Lid, collar, and seal: to connect the standard flask with distillation receiver.
4. Teflon + cement: plays the role of core sample on which the test will be conducted on
it.
5. Standard flask: contains toluene solution to be heated.
6. Heater: to heat the toluene solution and enable the oil and water to be ejected out from
the core sample.
7. Pume Stone indicator: to know that boiling point of toluene is reached so the
evaporation process begins, these stones turn violet and gas is liberated.
8. Cold water remover: to remove cold water that is used first in condensing the heated
fluids (cold water circulation).
9. Cold water supplier: to enable the flow of cold water to condense the heated fluids.
10. Glass tube condenser: to enable the condensation of oil and water so they can be
stored in the burette.
11. Mesh: to insert the sample in the standard flask.

7. 4

CHAPTER 3 OTHER EQUIPMENTS

Figure 3.1 Beaker (AMD Manufacturing , 2018) Figure 3.2 Toluene (Science company, 2018)


Figure 3.3 Conical Flask (AMD Manufacturing , 2018) Figure 3.4 Teflon Sleeve (AMD Manufacturing , 2018)


Figure 3.5 Stirrer (Academy , 2018)

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1. Beaker: to prepare 400 ml of toluene solution.
2. Toluene: solvent immiscible in water, it used for heating the core sample.
3. Cement+water+mineral oil: prepare cement slurry to look like core sample.
4. Conical flask: as the burette is filled with water and oil we need to remove them to
know the amount of them so we can estimate the saturation of oil as well as water.
5. Teflon sleeve: play the role of core sample and it contains the prepared cement.
6. Pume Stone indicator: to know if the boiling point of the toluene is reached and gas is
liberated.
7. Cold water: to condense the water and oil ejected out form the core sample.
8. Stirrer: to mix the cement slurry mixture.

9. 6

CHAPTER 4 PROCEDURE
1. Weigh the Teflon.
2. Weigh then the Teflon plus the cement sample.
3. Subtract the mass of Teflon plus cement from that of Teflon to get the weight of the
cement prepared.
4. After that remove unscrew the collar that is connecting the distillation receiver and the
standard flask.
5. Pour the 400 ml of the toluene sample in the flask.
6. Insert a metallic mesh inside the flask.
7. Add over the mesh the Teflon that contains the cement sample.
8. Screw the collar ring.
9. Add pume stone in the top tube that is located above the condenser tube.
10. Turn on the cold-water supply to start the circulation.
11. Turn on the heater.
12. The toluene sample will start boiling and as the boiling point is reached the pume
stone color will change.
13. As the toluene sample is boiling the oil and water content in the cement sample will
start moving though the condenser.
14. As the oil and water are condensed they form drops and rest in the burette.
15. When the toluene sample is drawn out, turn off the heater.
16. Read the equipped volume of water and oil from the burette.
17. Note that oil and water will form two layers, since oil is less dense than water.
18. Weigh the sample.
19. Rinse the equipment used, remove the pume stone, and close the cold-water supplier.

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CHAPTER 5 CALCULATATION
Before conducting the experiment, we measured the mass of the saturated sample:
Weight of saturated core= 57 grams.
And by measuring the dimensions of the core we can determine the bulk volume:
���� ������=??????�
2
ℎ = 3.14*(1.628)
2
*3= 25 cc
The oil density is 0.88 grams/cc.
The volume of water collected at the end of the experiment = 1.4 ml.
The dry weight of the core = 53 grams.
After that we re-saturate the sample with fresh water of 1 g/cc density and we weigh the
sample:
Weight of sample = 58 g.
We can then find the pore volume:
���� ������=
��������� ��??????�ℎ�−��?????? ��??????�ℎ�
����� ����??????�??????
=
58−53
1
=5��
And porosity:
�����??????�??????=
���� ������
���� ������
100=
5
25
100=20 %
The water saturation is equal:
����� �������??????��=
������ �� ����� ���������
���� ������
100=
1.4
5
100=28%
And oil saturation is equal:
�??????� �������??????��=
��������� ��??????�ℎ�−��?????? ��??????�ℎ�−��??????�ℎ� �� ��������� �����
���� ������∗�??????� ����??????�??????
100
=
57−53−1.4∗1
5∗0.88
100=59%
Then we can conclude the gas saturation from the saturations of both oil and water:
��� �������??????��=100−�??????� �������??????��−����� �������??????��=100−28−59=13%
(Engler, 2010).

11. 8

CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The dean stark experiment is a method to measure the fluid saturation in a core sample without
the loss of fluids. After conducting the Dean stark experiment, we found that the saturation of
oil is 59% and the water saturation is 28 % and remain 13% for gas saturation. These results
indicate that the oil content is high in the formation which can indicate that we reached the pay
zone.
This experiment is also conducted to clean any residual oil from the sample to have a better
data, which will lead to a better understanding of the reservoir formation. The cleaning process
is important because it remove any residual oil in the core sample, which will give us more
accurate results, when it comes to porosity and permeability. Furthermore, the residual oil will
take a fraction of the pore volume where it will decrease the effective porosity of the sample,
which is why we should remove this residual amount of oil to be able to enhance our porosity
experimental results. In the other hand, this residual can also affect the permeability of the core
by the capillary effects, where I will get the effective permeability instead of the absolute one
(Kryuchkov, 2015).
This experiment has several advantages where, it can give us accurate measurement of the
saturations of fluids in the core. Also, the small size of the apparatus made it easy to operate
and portable. The disadvantages of the experiment are the time consumed to conduct the
experiment, where it is very slow, which make it time consuming. Also, the restriction on the
core size is another disadvantage. Where not all core can fit in the core chamber.
This experiment can use a wide range of toluene, on condition to have a bubble point higher
than the bubble point of water.

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CHAPTER 7 ERROR AND RECOMMENDA TION
This experiment can be subjected to a lot of errors. This error can be human error, where they
can appear in measuring the weight, and dimensions of the core.
In addition to human error, we can have some errors due to impurities in the solvent, where the
solvent can have some water inside which will affect the volume of water collected at the end
of the experiment.
As a recommendation, we can reduce human error by taking more precise while taking the
measurements. Also, we can distillate the solvent before using it, to eliminate any impurities.

13. 10

CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSION

The Dean Stark experiment is a cheap and portable way for the determination of the fluid
saturation inside a formation core sample, and cleaning the core samples. Designed for oil and
gas industries to determine the saturation of water in crude oil and for studying the principle of
emulsion. This experiment gives accurate measurements for fluid saturation by the
determination of weight loss of the sample. This experiment is time consuming; it takes more
than two days to completely extract oil from the sample, it is widely used in oil and gas
industries however it is dedicated to poorly consolidated rocks.
Moreover, this experiment, shown a very high oil saturation for oil, where it can indicate that
we are in the pay zone, or the formation is rich in hydrocarbon.
This experiment is subjected to a lot if error. Where they can appear as human errors, for
measurement, and as external error, like the impurities in both apparatus and solvent. Repeating
this experiment multiple time can reduce these types of error, and distilling the solvent before
its usage.

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CHAPTER 9 REFERENCES
schlumberger, G. (n.d.). retrieved from : http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/d/dean-
stark_extraction.aspx
Sella, A. (2010). Dean Stark Apparatus. retrieved from:
https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/classic-kit-dean-stark-
apparatus/3004907.article

Academy . (2018). Retrieved from https://www.academy.com/shop/pdp/king-kooker-36-
stainless-steel-stirring-paddle
AMD Manufacturing . (2018). Retrieved from Laboratory Products :
http://amdmanufacturing.com/products/extraction-thimbles
Science company . (2018). Retrieved from https://www.sciencecompany.com/Toluene-Toluol-
500mL-Reagent-ACS-997-P16957.aspx

Kryuchkov, S. (2015). IMPROVED CORE ANALYSIS MEASUREMENTS IN LOW.

Saturation. (2010). In T. W. Engler, Engler 524.