Deciduous Forest Ecosystem IN ARCHITECTURE.pptx

Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

1. DECIDUOUS FOREST ECOSYSTEM PRAMOD KARAD SAHIL JHORE AMEY KARHALE SAYALI KADU MEMBERS,

2. INTRODUCTION Temperate deciduous or temperate broad-leaf forests are a variety of temperate forest 'dominated' by deciduous trees that lose their leaves each winter. They represent one of Earth's major biomes, making up 9.69% of global land area. These forests are found in areas with distinct seasonal variation that cycle through warm, moist summers, cold winters, and moderate fall and spring seasons. They are most commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, with particularly large regions in eastern North America, East Asia, and a large portion of Europe, though smaller regions of temperate deciduous forests are also located in South America. Examples of trees typically growing in the Northern Hemisphere's deciduous forests include oak, maple, basswood, beech and elm, while in the Southern Hemisphere, trees of the genus Nothofagus dominate this type of forest.

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4. LOCATION When you look at a map of the world, lines of latitude run east and west, forming invisible belts that circle the globe. Regions between 23° and 66° are called the Temperate latitudes. Deciduous forests can found in the eastern half of North America, and the middle of Europe. There are many deciduous forests •in Asia. Some of the major areas that they are in are southwest Russia, Japan, and eastern China. South America has two big areas of deciduous forests in southern Chile and Middle East coast of Paraguay. There are deciduous forests located New Zealand/ and south-eastern Australia also.

5. TEMPRATURE and CLIMATE This biome has four changing seasons including winter, spring summer, and fall. These seasons happen because of the tilt of the Earth's axis. Throughout the year, rays from the sun hit different parts of the world more directly than others, causing varying temperatures, or seasons. Temperate deciduous forests also have quite a wet environment. Following rainforests, temperate deciduous forests are the second-rainiest biome. The average yearly precipitation is 30 - 60 inches (75 -150 cm) This precipitation falls throughout the year, but in the winter it falls as snow. The average temperature temperate deciduous forests is 500F (IO°C). Summers are mild, and average about 700B (21°C), while-winter temperatures are often well below freezing point.

6. SEASONS SUMMER WINTER AUTUMN SPRING

7. CHARACTERISTIC SOIL Though there is latitudinal variation in soil quality of temperate deciduous forests, with those at central latitudes having a higher soil productivity than those more north or south, soil in this biome is overall highly fertile. The fallen leaves from deciduous trees introduce detritus to the forest floor, increasing levels of nutrients and organic matter in the soil. The high soil productivity of temperate deciduous forests puts them at a high risk of conversion to agricultural land for human use.

8. CHARACTERISTIC FLORA Temperate deciduous forests are characterized by a variety of temperate deciduous tree species that vary based on region. Most tree species present in temperate deciduous forests are broadleaf trees that lose their leaves in the fall, though some coniferous trees such as pines (Pinus) are present in northern temperate deciduous forests. Europe's temperate deciduous forests are rich with oaks of the genus Quercus, European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica), and hornbeams (Fagus grandiflora), while those in Asia tend to have maples of the genus Acer, a variety of ash trees (Fraxinus), and basswoods (Tilia). Similarly to Asia, North American forests have maples, especially Acer saccharum, and basswoods, in addition to hickories (Carya) and American chestnuts (Castanea dentata). Southern beech (Nothofagus) trees are prevalent in the temperate deciduous forests of South America. Elm trees (Ulmus) and willows (Salix) can also be found dispersed throughout the temperate deciduous forests of the world. While a wide variety of tree species can be found throughout the temperate deciduous forest biome, tree species richness is typically moderate in each individual ecosystem, with only 3 to 4 tree species per square kilometer.

9. EXAMPLES PERSIMMON ORANGE TREE NUT TREE OAK TREE MAPLE TREE

10. CHARACTERISTIC FAUNA Animals in temperate deciduous forests have to adapt to changing Seasons. Some animals hibernate or migrate during the winter to escape the cold. Animals who do not hibernate or migrate must have special adaptations to deal with higher exposure to predators in the winter. When leaves fall, there is less cover for animals in this biome to hide from predators. Most of the animals are camouflaged to look like the ground. The animals have adapted the land by trying the plants in the forest to see if they are good to eat for a good supply of food. Also-the trees provide shelter for them. Animal se the trees for food and a water sources. There is great diversity of life in this biome Insects, spiders, slugs, frogs, snakes, turtles and salamander are common. Birds like broad-winged hawks, cardinals, snowy owls, and pileated woodpecker are also found in t is biome. Mammals include white-tailed deer, raccoons, gray squirrels, porcupines, red foxes and the black bear. Many of the animals are either nut and acorn feeders, or omnivores. Many of the animals have adapted to forest life. Some of them hibernate during the winter months.

11. EXAMPLES SALAMENDER BROAD-WINGED HAWK WHITE-TAILED DEER BLACK BEAR

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