Deep and surface_structures

Linguistic text

1. DEEP STRUCTURE AND SURFACE STRUCTURE Executed by : Turganbekova A., Uglamova Sh., 315 group

2. Structure can be defined as a set of relations on a linear sequence of units, such that criteria can be defined for when the structure has been completed.

3. One of the most important concepts proposed by  Chomsky  is the concept of   surface  and deep structure. 

4. The surface structure is actually produced structure. It refers to the sentence as it is pronounced or written. The deep structure is the abstract structure that allows the native speaker of a language to know what the sentence means. It may then be said that the deep structure expresses the semantic contents of a sentence, whereas the surface structure of a sentence determines its phonetic form.

5. Transformation functions as a link between deep structure of sentences and their surface structures. For example Surface structure: Visiting doctors can be nuisance. Deep structure: 1.We visit doctors. It can be nuisance. 2. Doctors visit us. They can be nuisance.

6. Surface Structure Systems Identifying words, reading fluently Grapho -Phonic System Letter/sound knowledge, alphabetic principle, phonemic awareness, decoding   Lexical System Visual word recognition based on frequent visual exposure to words Visual memory for all words   Syntactic System Understanding of language structures at the word, sentence, paragraph and whole text level (usually auditory)

7. Deep Structure Systems: Comprehend literally to get the gist of the story, comprehend deeply and probe ideas Semantic System Understanding word meanings from literal to subtle, discuss and write about experiences/associations related to words, precision and word choice in writing   Schematic System Constructing meaning at the whole text level; understanding themes, ideas and concepts, storing and retrieving relevant knowledge, connecting the new to the known   Pragmatic System Multiple experiences with ideas we’ve read or learned; sharing and applying meaning; constructing meaning through oral, written, artistic, and dramatic means; writing for specific purposes and audiences; revising thinking based on interactions with others; adopting the habits and mores of readers and writers

8. It can be concluded that deep structure then is a pure representation of thematic relations. Anything which is interpreted as the subject or object of a given predicate will be in the subject or object position of that predicate at Deep structure no matter where it is found at Surface structure.

9. Literature: http://awinlanguage.blogspot.com/2012/04/deep-structure-vs-surface-structure.html http://noamchomsky2011.blogspot.com/2011/11/deep-and-surface-structure-in-chomskys.html