deep foundation for hidth buliding (7).ppt

foundation

1. 1

2. 2
•INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION AND
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
•MACHINERY IN PILING
•HANDLING,STORAGE AND
INSTALLATION OF PILE
•PILE TESTING METHODS

3. 3
INTRODUCTION
•Pile can be defined as a column inserted
in the ground to transmit the structural
loads to a lower level of subsoil.
•Why pile foundation?
•Three design criteria:
Pile materials not over-stressed
No shear failure
Settlement must be within tolerable limits

4. 4
Classification

5. 5
CLASSIFICATION
•Piles are considered to fall into three main
classes following the Code of Practice for
Foundation, BS 8004:1986
Displacement Pile
Small Displacement Pile
Replacement Pile
•Pile foundations also can be classified by the
way in which they transmit their loads to the sub
soils
End BearingPile
Friction Pile

6. 6
PILE
MANUFACTURING
PROCESS

7. 7

8. 8
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Spun Pile
Cage making and mould setting
Concrete feeding
Stressing
Pile spinning process
Demoulding
Autoclave curing
With the autoclave curing system, the pile can be
installed immediately after autoclaving

9. 9

10. 10
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Quality control
Cement-chemical and physical
Aggregates-grading and moisture
content
Admixtures-uniformity
Test cubes-strength
Steel bars and plates-tension strength

11. 11
QUALITY CONTROL

12. 12
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Spun pile shoes
Conical shoe
Cross fin or X-pointed shoe
Pipe shoe
Oslo point

13. 13
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•The pile shoes shall comply with the following
statements:
Chilled-hardened cast iron shoe as use
for making grey castings to BS 1452.
Grade 10 or
Mild steel to BS 4360, Grade 43A or
Cast steel to BS 3100, Grade A
•For piles bearing in rock, pile shoes shall be
made of hardened steel of Brinell hardness 400-
600.

14. 14
Square Concrete Pile

15. 15
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Square pile
Cage making and mould setting
Concrete feeding
Compacting concrete
Curing
Demoulding

16. 16

17. 17
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Quality Control
Grading (aggregates) and silt content
Slump test
Concrete cube test
Check on reinforcement cages
straightness, cross-section, alignment of
joints and fitting.

18. 18

19. 19
MANUFACTURING OF PILE
•Two extensively use
pile shoes
Flat shoe
Pointed pile shoe

20. 20
Comparison of Characteristics between Spun Concrete Pile and
Square Section Concrete Pile
Spun concrete pile Square section concrete pile
Spinning results in denser
concrete, reduces water
cement ratio and hence
increases the concrete
strength and durability of
pile
Internal compaction technique
is conducted to compact the
concrete
(poker vibrator)
Strength up to 78.9N/mm
2
enables the piles to be
driven through hard strata
Concrete strength grade 60 for
prestressed 125*125 pile and
grade 50 for other sizes pile
High resistance to corrosion
especially from sea water
(high density)
A lower resistance to corrosion
compared to spun concrete
pile

21. 21
Manufactured in longer
lengths of up to 46m in
single piece
Available in 3m, 5m, 6m, 9m
and 12m
Fast and economic
(high rate of production
ensures early completion of
projects)
Take longer time in concrete
curing process (28 days)
Pile size ranging from
250mm to 1200mm
Pile size ranging from
125mm*125mm to
400mm*400mm

22. 22
Why the manufacturing
process of pile so
important?
SUMMARY

23. 23
Machinery In Piling

24. 24
Is it a MUST ??
Long & heavy

25. 25
Type Of Machinery
•OLD machine
•NEW machine

26. 26
WHY??
adapt with the condition of difficulties
of the surrounded environment factor

27. 27
Old piling machine
•Drop hammers
•Single-acting hammers
•Double-acting hammers
•Differential Hammer
•Compound Hammer

28. 28
Drop hammer
•1,500 to 8,000 kg hammer
•fall freely by gravity on to the
pile head
•spend two times more working
time
•may cause defection to the pile
caps

29. 29
Single-acting hammer
•Use steam or compressed air
•Using the same principal with
drop hammer
•Powerful blow & high efficiency

30. 30
Double-acting Hammer
•by steam or compressed air and
consist of a heavy fixed cylinder
•light piston @ rama large
number of rapid light blows (90
to 225 blows per minute)
•ensure the vertically of the pile
comparing to the pile that being
driven in a series of jerks

31. 31
Differential hammer
•high-pressure hydraulic fluid
•Heavy ram & high speed blow

32. 32
Compound Hammer
•a variation of the differential
hammer
•compressed air or steam is
used both to raise the ram and
to accelerate its fall

33. 33
Diesel hammer
•give a reliable and economic
method of pile driving
•46 and 52 blows per minute

34. 34
New piling machine
•Hydraulic Piling Hammer
•Pressure Pile Hammer

35. 35
Hydraulic piling hammer
•Due to the increasing need of
lighter work in piling process
•modified from excavator
without any power pack
•does not require heavy crane
during mobilization and
demobilization

36. 36
Pressure Piling machine
•“injection machine”
•JND-200 and JND-400
•no noise and pollution
•drives the piles quickly and
vertically and can record the
bearing capacity of each pile

37. 37
Diesel Hammer Pressure Hammer
Causing the pollution of
surrounded environment
due to the releasing of the
smoke
Environment friendly
because only hydraulic
power is involved
Might cause the damage of
concrete formwork nearby
No any vibration will be
involved and therefore
suitable for piling work
nearby formworks

38. 38
Hydraulic Hammer Pressure Hammer
using a track and therefore
suitable to be applied
especially in muddy footing
but it requires hauling
equipment during
transportation
Using a wheel base and
therefore having a great
flexibility and high
transportation speed and it
will always placed at the
firm footing
The vertically of pile must
be checked and corrected
from time to time during the
piling process
The vertically of pile has
high accuratecy

39. 39

40. 40

41. 41
Handling, Storage and
Installation of Pile

42. 42
Handling
-The way to move piles
Two Categoriesof pile lifting approaches:
Two-point lifting approach
Lifting from one end

43. 43
Two-point lifting approach
Lifting from
one end

44. 44
Handling should be executed
with the following controls:
Make sure there are no jerking
movements by the crane.
Crane must be stationary.
Lift the pile vertically at a slower pace.
Movement of the crane boom must
swing at minimum rate.

45. 45
Make sure the wire ropes are capable
to carry the load.
Don’t drag the pile along the ground.
Make sure there is nothing below the
pile.
Carry one pile at a time.

46. 46
Storage
-The way to store piles
-The place for storing piles

47. 47
For square section concrete piles
The ground surface must as smooth as
possible.
The spacers are to be placed in a line
vertically (0.2L from the both ends of
the pile) in between the 2 layers of piles.

48. 48

49. 49
Crack

50. 50
For spun piles
The ground surface should be levelled
and compacted.
Stoppers must be provided at both sides
of the piles and fastened to the ground.
Spacers of 2”x 4” hardwoods are to be
placed at 0.2L from both ends of the
piles and in between the 2 layers of piles.

51. 51

52. 52
Installation
-The way to install piles
Generally, piles are installed by:
Dynamic
Drilling
vibratory methods
A combination of such methods.

53. 53
Factors that affect the expected
life of the structure
Piles are installed according to the plans
and specifications
Application of equipment, methods, and
techniques.

54. 54
Hammer cushion
Pile cap (Helmet)
Pile cushion
Factors That Affect The
Installation Results
(Most Important Part)

55. 55
Hammer cushion
Used to protect hammer and pile from
damage and transmit the hammer energy
to the pile.
Pile cap (Helmet)
Used to fit the hammer base to the top of
the pile.
Used to uniformly distribute the hammer
blows to the pile top.

56. 56
Pile cushion
Used to protect the pile from damaging
compression and tensions stresses.

57. 57
Process of Installation
Firstly place the cushion,
helmet and hammer on the
pile head adequate
alignment.
Check vertically of the
pile.
After several blows, check
pile location and
alignment again.
Concentricity of the
driving equipment and
pile shall be maintained at
all time.

58. 58
Joint Welding
-The way to connect piles
An extension is required when pile has
been driven close to the ground level.
Joint plates are to be cleaned thoroughly
from mud, duct, oil and residues
detrimental to the welding.
Cleaning can be done by using wire
brush and some solvents in between runs
of weld.

59. 59

60. 60
Static Load Test
Reasons to perform a load test
To determine the load-settlement relationship
To determine the real ultimate bearing capacity
Procedures on testing of load test
Several piles are driven in a group
A rigid beam spans across the test pile and is securely attached to the
reaction piles
A large capacity jack is placed between the reaction beam and is securely attached
to the reaction piles

61. 61
Types of Tests Conducted
Maintained Load Test
-Loads are added in stages with the increment of 25 %
of the working load until the max.
load reaches 2 times of the working load
-Settlement and time must be read before and after
addition of loadings according to
certain intervals
-When the max. loading is reached, it is left there for
at least 24 hours
-Then, the loading is then reduced in four stages
-A time-settlement & load-settlement is then plotted

62. 62
Types of Tests Conducted
Constant Rate of Penetration Test
-A pile is driven into the ground continuously
-The loading is controlled in order that the rate of
penetration test is
constant
-The max loading is achieved when :
(i) the pile settles although there is no loading
applied
(ii) the penetration is 10 % of the diameter of the pile
(iii) no further settlement occurs although loading is
achieved

63. 63
Method Statement for RC Pile
RC pile shall be tested to 2 times its
working load
To commence test, a steel plate will be
placed over the pile head properly
A hydraulic jack shall be placed between
the steel plate and a main jacking beam
Movement of the steel frame will be
monitored by an autolevel located away
from the perimeter of the kentledge

64. 64
Pile-Driving Stress
A pile must be adequately sized to satisfy both
the static & dynamic stresses
Stresses are usually computed as P
d/A
However, the wave equation seems to provide the
best means to estimate the driving force, P
dboth
for compression & tension in piles
The dynamic equation; eg. ENR and Hiley can
also be used to estimate driving stresses

65. 65
Instrumentations Involved
Dial gauge–mounted on opp. sides
of the pile and spaced
equally from centre of pile
Wire & scale–stretched across the face of the scale
about 25 mm away
Level & transit–stationed sufficiently
distant from the test pile
(avoid influence of ground
movement and pile)
Note : All instruments & supporting systems should be
protected from wind, extreme temperature variations and
accidental disturbance

66. 66
Test Loads & Reactions
Direct load–standard test weights
are used & balanced on
the pile w/o restraint
Hydraulic jack–includes a ram, pump
pressure gauge & a
calibration certificate
Load cell–equipped with spherical
bearing plates
–must take note of eccentricity
Dynamometer–a pulling system for uplift & lateral
loading

67. 67
Testing Arrangement
Steel plates of min. 50 mm should be used
All compression & tension loads must be
applied directly along longitudinal axis of
the test pile
Lateral loads must be applied in line with
the central longitudinal axis of the pile
For group tests, the load should act on the
centre of the group

68. 68
Testing Procedures
Compression tests are covered in ASTM D1143.
Standard procedures include maintained-load
method but sometimes quick-load & constant
rate of penetration are used.
Uplift tests are covered in ASTM D3689. The
maintained-load method is the standard
procedure.
Lateral tests are covered in ASTM D3966.
Optional procedures like surge loading, reverse
loading and reciprocal loading are also used.

69. 69
Special Testing Procedures
Casing off–the upper portion of the pile is installed through a
casing so that
it is isolated from the surrounding soil
–done to develop bearing capacity data on
underlying soils
–also done to eliminate the frictional support of the
cased-off soil
Cyclic load–done to develop information on load distribution
and transfer or on the behaviour of pile under
various load levels
Ultimate loading–the test is done by carrying the test to failure
by the
progressive movement of the pile under a
constant load

70. 70
Measurement of Settlement
Settlements are measured using direct
levelling with a surveyor’s level and staff to
determine of the pile head with reference
to a fixed datum.
Alternatively, it can also be measured using
dial gauges attached to a beam that is
supported on two foundations.

71. 71

72. 72

73. 73

74. 74

75. 75

76. 76

77. 77

78. 78Plot of Load vs Net Settlement
0
20
40
60
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Pile load (kN)
Net Settlemet (mm)