deep sea physiology for medical studenrs.pptx

starting phsysiology for medical students

1. Group 10 GROUP MEMBERS OROMA FRANCIS OBIN DERRICK WALUSIMBI USAMA IMAN WEGOSASA EVERLYN OMONG INNOCENT

2. Discuss deep sea physiology Definition; Deep sea physiology deals with the adaptations of deep-sea organisms to the extreme conditions of the deep sea, such as high pressure, low temperature, and low oxygen levels etc. The following are some of the physiological changes that occurs in the bodies of the deep sea organisms, 1.physiological change in response to increasing pressure As organism descends into the deep sea, the water pressure increases dramatically. For every 10 meters (33 feet) of depth, the pressure increases by 1 atmosphere ( atm ) or 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). This increased pressure causes the body’s tissues and organs become more compressed, and the body’s fluids become more dense. This compression helps the body withstand the high pressure without experiencing significant damage. Additionally, the body’s cells and membranes become more permeable to gases, allowing for better gas exchange and the efficient transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

3. 2.Physiological change in respiration The increased pressure makes it more challenging for organism in deep sea to breathe, as the lungs have to work harder to expand and contract against the higher pressure. To adapt, the respiratory muscles, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, become stronger and more efficient. This allows the organism to overcome the increased resistance to breathing and maintain adequate oxygen intake. The body also increases the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen, to improve the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. This ensures that the diver’s tissues receive the necessary oxygen supply.

4. 3. Changes in blood circulation: The increased pressure causes the body’s blood vessels to constrict, which can affect the circulation of blood and the delivery of oxygen to the tissues. To overcome this, the cardiovascular system increases the heart’s pumping capacity and the blood vessels’ ability to constrict and dilate. This allows for better regulation of blood flow, ensuring that the body’s tissues receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients. The body also increases the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, to improve oxygen delivery to the tissues.

5. 4.Physiological changes in body's Fluid Balance The increased pressure can cause fluid shifts and changes in the distribution of body fluids, which can lead to dehydration or edema (fluid buildup). The body’s regulatory systems, such as the kidneys, overcome this by maintaining the appropriate fluid balance and prevent these imbalances such as immersion diuresis, ADH regulation and blood shift .This helps the body maintain proper hydration and avoid complications related to fluid shifts.

6. 5.Physiological changes in nervous system The increased pressure can affect the sensitivity of nerve receptors and the transmission of nerve impulses, which can impact the diver’s balance, coordination, and sensory perception. The nervous system adapts by adjusting the sensitivity of these receptors and the transmission of nerve impulses. This allows the diver to maintain better control and awareness during the dive, ensuring safe and effective movement.

7. Changes in the body's metabolism The increased energy demands of deep-sea diving require the body to adapt its metabolic processes. The body Increases the production of enzymes and other metabolic factors to support the increased energy needs like cold water adaptation. This is done by adopting to near-freezing temperatures by producing the antifreeze proteins using lipids membranes that remains fluid at low temperature and relying on the enzymatic reactions that function efficiently at low temperatures . This allows the body to maintain the necessary physical and cognitive functions required for the dive.

8. Changes in the thermal regulations The cold temperatures of the deep sea can lead to hypothermia if the body is unable to maintain its core temperature. The body adapts by increasing the production of heat-generating mechanisms, such as shivering and the activation of brown fat. It also adjusts the distribution of blood flow to maintain the core body temperature and prevent hypothermia.

9. Adaptations of deep sea organisms High pressure adaptation : They have strong , flexible bodies with the ability to compress and expand their bodies to equalize pressure Low temperature adaptation : Deep-sea organisms have antifreeze proteins, which prevent the formation of ice crystals in their bodies . Low oxygen adaptation: Deep-sea organisms have efficient oxygen-carrying molecules, such as hemocyanin , and the ability to slow down their metabolism to conserve energy Bioluminescence : Bioluminescence is an adaptation to the dark environment of the deep sea, where sunlight does not penetrate. Many deep-sea organisms have evolved to produce light, which is used for communication, attracting prey, and defense.

10. Cont. Large eyes : Deep-sea organisms have evolved to have large eyes to detect the faint light that filters down from the surface. Slow metabolism: Deep-sea organisms have evolved to have slow metabolisms to conserve energy, as food is scarce in the deep sea.   High water content : Deep-sea organisms have evolved to have high water content to maintain their buoyancy and to compensate for the high pressure of the deep sea.

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