Deep structure and surface structure.pptx

Deep structure and surface structure

1. DEEP STRUCTURE AND SURFACE STRUCTURE Dr.VMS

2. Noam Chomsky  deep structure refers to concepts, thoughts, ideas & feelings  surface structure refers to the words / language we use to represent the deep structure.

3. DS & SS The surface structure is actually produced structure. It refers to the sentence as it is pronounced or written.   The deep structure is the abstract structure that allows the native speaker of a language to know what the sentence means. 

4. DS & SS  deep structure expresses the semantic contents of a sentence surface structure of a sentence determines its phonetic form

5. TG in DS & SS Transformational grammar assigns a “deep structure” and a “surface structure” to show the relationship of such sentences. 

6. DS & SS The deep structure is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented. Sentences that have alternative interpretations Sentences that have different surface forms but have the same underlying meaning. Surface structure = how the sentence is actually represented

7. DS & SS How superficially different sentences are closely related? -Charlie broke the window. -The window was broken by Charlie -Charlie who broke the window. -Was the window broken by Charlie? Difference in their surface structure = difference in syntactic forms BUT they have the same ‘deep’ or underlying structure

8. Structural ambiguity How superficially similar sentences are different? (multiple meanings) E.g. Annie whacked the man with an umbrella Same surface structure but different deep structure The boy saw the man with a telescope The question is: What is the scope of "with the telescope"? Does it modify only "the man" or does it modify "saw the man"?

9. DS The notion of deep structure can be especially helpful in explaining ambiguous utterances; e.g., “Flying airplanes can be dangerous” may have a deep structure, or meaning, like “Airplanes can be dangerous when they fly” or “To fly airplanes can be dangerous.

10. Transformation Visiting doctors can be nuisance. Deep structure: 1.We visit doctors. It can be nuisance . 2 . Doctors visit us. They can be nuisance.

11. Surface Structure Identifying words, reading fluently Grapho -Phonic System Letter/sound knowledge, alphabetic principle, phonemic awareness, decoding Lexical System Visual word recognition based on frequent visual exposure to words Visual memory for all words Syntactic System Understanding of language structures at the word, sentence, paragraph and whole text level (usually auditory

12. Deep Structure Systems Comprehend - the gist of the story deeply and probe ideas Semantic System Understanding word meanings from literal to subtle, experiences/associations word choice in writing Schematic System Constructing meaning at the whole text level ; themes , ideas and concepts, knowledge , sharing and applying meaning; artistic , and dramatic means; writing for specific purposes revising thinking based on interactions with others

13. Phrase Structure Rules S = NP + VP VP = V + NP NP = det + N

14. Transformational Rules • Transformational rules is a syntactic rule that applies to an underlying phrase structure tree of sentence. • It derives a new structure by moving or inserting elements. • It is a way to capture the relationship between a declaration and question.

15. Transformational Rules Phrase structure rules represent ‘deep’ structure- always generate structures with fixed word order. Mary saw George recently Recently Mary saw George Transformational rules= take a specific part and attach it in another place You will help Cathy Will you help Cathy?

16. Ambiguity An ambiguous sentence is a sentence that has two meanings. Some sentences are ambiguous because they contain a word that is ambiguous. Such cases are called lexical ambiguities (the lexicon is just the set of words in a language). By contrast, some sentences are ambiguous without containing any ambiguous words. These cases can be explained when it is observed that the sentences in question can be given two distinct syntactic trees, leading to what is called a structural ambiguity.

17. Structural vs. Lexical Ambiguities 1 . John is sitting near the bank . a. Meaning 1 : bank = financial institution b. Meaning 2: bank = slope at the side of a river ( 1) has two meanings, which appear to be reducible to the two meanings of the word 'bank'.

18. Structural vs. Lexical Ambiguities   2. Mary will hit the student with the book a . Meaning 1 : Mary will hit the student. She'll do so with the book. (=The hitting is done with the book) b. Meaning 2: Mary will hit the student who is holding the book. (=The student is holding the book) ☞ None of the words in (2) is ambiguous.