DEFENCE MECHANISM - BASICS & CLASSIFICATION .pptx

DEFENCE MECHANISM - BASICS & CLASSIFICATION

1. https://www.yenepoya.edu.in Yenepoya Nursing College 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 1

2. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 2 FREUD PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

3. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 3 DEFENCE MECHANISM

4. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After the class you’ll be able to Define Defence Mechanism. Mean Defence Mechanism. Enlist functions of Defence mechanism. Understand and Explain classification of Defence mechanism. 10/16/2024 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 4

5. INTRODUC TION Defence mechanism are those adaptive responses identified by Freud and that are employed by the ego in the face of threat to biological or psychological integrity. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 5

6. The term ' Defence Mechanism' was first used by Sigmund Freud in his paper "The Neuro- Psychoses of defense" (1894). ▸ Meaning: - A defence mechanisms is the act of coping mechanism that reduce anxiety generated by treats from unacceptable or negative impulses. The process is usually unconscious. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 6

7. DEFINITION In Freudian Psychoanalytical theory, Defence Mechanism are psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny or distort reality in order to defend against feelings of anxiety & unacceptable impulses to maintain one's self schema. Defence Mechanism, in Psychoanalytical theory, any of a group mental processes that enables the mid to reach compromise solutions to conflicts that is unable to resolve. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 7

8. MEANING Defence mechanisms are methods of attempting to protect self and cope with basic drives or emotionally painful thoughts, feelings or events. The purpose of defense mechanisms is to reduce or eliminate anxiety. They can be helpful when used in very small doses, and if over used, become ineffective and can lead to a breakdown of the personality. Most defense mechanisms operate at the unconscious level of awareness. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 8

9. FUNCTIONS OF DEFENCE MECHANISM Facilitate the resolution of emotional conflict. Provide relief from stress. Cushion emotional pain. Alleviate anxiety. Protect and maintain the persons’ self esteem and ego identity. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 9

10. Classification of defence mechanism 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 10

11. CLASSIFICATION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM George Eman Vaillants (1977) categorized defence mechanisms on the basis of psycho-analytical developmental level: Level 1: Pathological defences – psychotic denial, delusional, projection. Level 2: Immature defences – fantacy , projection, acting out. Level 3: Neurotic defences – intellectualization, reaction formation, dissociation, repression. Level 4: Mature defences – sublimation, suppression, altruism, anticipation. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 11

12. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 1. Identification: An attempt to manage anxiety by imitating the behavior of someone faired or respected. A student nurse imitates the nurturing behavior she observes one of her instructors using with clients. (Role model) 2. Introjections: A form of identification that allows for the acceptance of others norms and values into oneself, even when contrary to one's previous assumptions. It is opposite of projection. A seven year old tells his little sister, " Don'talk to strangers" he has introjected this value from the instruction of parents and teachers. 3. Minimization: Not acknowledging the significance of one's behavior. A person says, "don't believe everything my wife tells you I wasn't so drunk I couldn't drive". 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 12

13. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 4. Displacement : Unconsciously discharging pent-up feelings to a less threatening object. A husband comes home after a bad day at work and yells at his wife. 5. Reaction formation: Replacing unacceptable feeling with their exact opposites. A jealous boy who hates his elder brother may show him exaggerated respect and affection towards him. 6. Rationalization: Process in which an individual justifies his failures and socially unacceptable behavior by giving socially approved reasons. A student who fails in the examination may complaint that the hostel atmosphere is not favorable and has resulted in his failure. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 13

14. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 7. Substitution: The replacement of a highly valued, unacceptable or unavailable object by a less valuable, acceptable or available objects. A woman wants to marry a man exactly like her dead father and settles for someone who looks a little bit like him. 8. Repression: Unconscious and involuntary forgetting of painful ideas, events and conflicts. Forgetting: a loved one's birthday after fight. An example of repression is someone who does not recall abuse in their early childhood, but still has problems with connection, aggression, and anxiety resulting from the unremembered trauma. 9. Denial: Unconscious refusal to admit an unacceptable idea or behavior. Usually the first defense learned and used. The mother of a child who is fatally ill may refuse to admit that there is anything wrong even though she is fully informed of the diagnosis and expected out come. It is because she cannot tolerate the pain that acknowledging a reality would produce. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 14

15. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 10. Sublimation: Consciously or unconsciously channeling instinctual drives into acceptable activities. i.e ; redirecting negative feelings or impulses into positive ones. Aggressiveness might be transformed into competitiveness in business or supports. someone with anger issues may channel their aggressive urges into sports instead of lashing out at others physically or verbally. 11. Compensation: Consciously covering up for a weakness by over emphasizing or making up a desirable trait. A student who fails in his study may compensate by becoming the college champion in athletics. 12. Projection: Unconsciously blaming someone for once difficulties. A person who blames another for his own mistakes. A surgeon, whose patient does not respond as he anticipated, may tend to blame the theater nurse who's helped that surgeon at the time of operation. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 15

16. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 13. Intellectualization: Separation of the emotion of a painful event from the facts involved acknowledging the facts but not the emotions. Person shows no emotional expression when discussing a serious car accident. 14. Undoing: Consciously doing something to counter act or make up for a transgression or wrong doing. Giving a treat to a child who is being punished for a wrong doing. 15. Regression: Unconscious return to an earlier and more comfortable level. A reversion to immature patterns of behaviour. An adult throws a temper tantrum when he does not get his own way. If a man in his sixties suddenly happens to develop anxiety out of fear of old age, he could resort to making himself feel younger by driving faster cars, dating younger women or developing lifestyle habits from his teenage years. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 16

17. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 16. Dissociation: the unconscious separation of painful feelings and emotions from an unacceptable idea, situation, or object. Amnesia that prevents recalls of previous days. 17. Conversions: the unconscious expression of intra-physic conflict symbolically throw physical symptoms. A student awakens with a migraine headache the morning of a final examination to take the rest. 18. Isolation: The person consciously tries to isolate any chain of thoughts which could trigger anxiety. By not thinking about or talking about a specific topic, the person protects themself from anxiety. People talking about some experience and then suddenly pausing and switching over to an entirely different topic. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 17

18. S. No Defence Mechanisms Example 19. Suppression: The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness. She says, ”I don’t want to think about that now. I will think about it later”. 20. Acting out: Performing an extreme behaviour in order to express thought or feelings the person feels incapable of expressing. The individual cope with stress by engaging in action rather than reflecting upon internal feelings. Instead of saying “I am angry” a person throw a book or punching through a wall. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 18

19. ARTICLE https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26583439/ 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 19

20. CONCLUSION In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism, is an unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. It may result in healthy or unhealthy consequences depending on the circumstances with which the mechanism is used. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 20

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brar Kaur N, Rawat HC. Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers;2015 p.520-23. Hamric AB. Advanced Nursing Practice: An integrative approach. Hamric AB, etc., editors. London: W B Saunders; 2000. Mary Fran Etracy Eileen T. O’Grady Susanne J. Phillips. HAMRIC & HANSON’S ADVANCED PRACTICE NURSING AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier - Health Sciences Division. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 21

22. BIBLIOGRAPHY Basheer.P.Shebeer. Textbook of Advanced Nursing Practice. Jaypee Publications.2015:1st ed.p405-10. G.G. Redemma . Advance Concepts of Nursing Practice: changing roles and clinical application.3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2003.p1019-20. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26583439/ 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 22

23. 16-Oct-24 Mr. MOHAMMED SAHAD 23