Defence mechanism.pptx

Defence

1. P R E S E N T E R - D R . S H A N U S O N I M O D E R A T O R - M A J O R ( D R . ) R A K E S H S A X E N A DEFENSE MECHANISM

2. E g o , I d a n d S u p e r e g o

3. Ego is the mediator of the struggle between superego and id. When superego and id are in conflict, there is anxiety.

4. D e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s a c c o r d i n g t o S i g m u n d F r e u d “ Defense mechanisms are unconscious mental p r o c e s s e s u s e d b y e g o t o r e d u c e a n x i e t y ” People seek to avoid anxiety. When person cannot think of rational ways of escaping the situation, ego uses defence mechanisms to escape anxiety.

5. G e n e s i s o f d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s

6. P r o p e r t i e s o f d e f e n c e m e c h a n i s m s According to Freud, Major means of managing conflict and affect . Relatively unconscious. D i s c r e t e f r o m e a c h o t h e r Although often the hallmarks of psychiatric syndromes , they are reversible A d a p t i v e a s w e l l a s p a t h o l o g i c a l .

7. T h e y d e n y , f a l s i f y o r d i s t o r t r e a l i t y They work through self- deception (distorting reality so that it becomes less threatening.) S p e c i f i c t o i d i m p u l s e s . D e p e n d s o n d e v e l o p m e n t a l s t a g e

8. A n n a F r e u d First comprehensive study of defense mechanisms. E g o a n d m e c h a n i s m s o f d e f e n s e - 1937 Defense operates against the u n - p l e a s u r e o r t h e a n x i e t y generated by an unacceptable wish. S i g n a l a n x i e t y - “ not directly a conflicted instinctual t e n s i o n , b u t a s i g n a l o cc u r r i n g i n t h e e g o o f a n a n t i c i p a t e d i n s t i n c t u a l tension” A n x i e t y w h i c h a l e r t s t h e e g o t o d a n g e r a n d s t i m u l a t e s d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s

9. G e o r g e E m a n V a i l l a n t “ D e f e n c e m e c h a n i s m s a r e i n n a t e , i n v o l un t a r y r e g u l a t o r y p r o c e s s e s t h a t a l l o w i n d i v i d u a l s t o r e d u c e cognitive dissonance and t o m i n i m i z e s u dd e n c h a n g e s in internal and external environment by altering p e r c e p t i o n o f s e l f o r o b j e c t or idea or feeling.” Classified defences based on psychoanalytical developmental level.

10. U n c o n s c i o u s r e s p o n s e s t o e x t e r n a l s t r e s s o r s a s w e l l a s t o a n x i e t y a r i s i n g f r o m i n t e r n a l conflict. Originally described by Sigmund Freud . Later elaborated by his daughter , Anna Freud. F r e u d i d e n t i f i e d d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m s i n h i s s t u d y o f t h e ‘ p s y c h o p a t h o l o g y o f e v e r y d a y life’

11. G eor ge V alliant’s Classification F o u r t y p e s : - N a r c i s s i s t i c - P s y c h o t i c D e f e n s e s I mm a t u r e D e f e n s e s N e u r o t i c D e f e n s e s M a t u r e D e f e n s e s

12. N A R C I S S I S T I C - P S Y C H O T I C I MM A T U R E N E U R O T I C MATURE DENIAL ACTING OUT CONTROLLING A L T R U I S M P R O J E C T I O N B L O C K I N G DISPLACEMENT ANTICIPATION DISTORTION H Y P O C H O N D R I A S I S DISSOCIATION ASCETICISIM INTROJECTION E X T E R N A L I Z A T I O N HUMOR P A S S I V E - A G G R E S S I V E BEHAVIOR INHIBITION SUBLIMATION P R O J E C T I O N INTELLECTUALIZATI ON S U P R E S S I O N REGRESSION ISOLATION SCHIZOID FANTASY RATIONALIZATION SOMATIZATION REACTION F O R M A T I O N R E P R E S S I O N

13. Narcissistic-Psychotic Defenses T h e s e d e f e n s e s a r e u s u a l l y f o u n d a s p a r t o f a psychotic process, but may also occur in young c h il d r e n a n d a d u l t d r e a m s o r f a n t a s i e s . T h e y s h a r e t h e c o m m o n n o t e o f a v o i d i n g , n e g a t i n g , or distorting reality.

14. 1.Projection Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses and their derivatives as though they were outside the self. On a psychotic level, this takes the form of frank d e l u s i o n s a b o u t e x t e r n a l r e a l i t y , u s u a l l y persecutory, includes both perception of one's own feelings and those of another with subsequent acting on the perception (psychotic paranoid delusions). Impulses may derive from id or superego (hallucinated recriminations).

15. 2.Denial Psychotic denial of external reality, unlike repression, affects perception of external reality more than perception of internal reality. Seeing, but refusing to acknowledge what one sees, or hearing and negating what is actually heard are examples of denial and exemplify the close relationship of denial to sensory experience. Not all denial, however, is necessarily psychotic. Like projection, denial may function in the service of more neurotic or even adaptive objectives. Denial avoids becoming aware of some painfu l aspect of reality. At the psychotic level, the denied reality may be replaced by a fantasy or delusion.

16. 3 . D i s t o r t i o n Grossly reshaping the experience of external reality to suit inner needs, including unrealistic m e g a l o m a n i c b e l i e f s , h a ll u c i n a t i o n s , w i s h - f u l f i l li n g delusions, and employing sustained feelings of delusional grandiosity, superiority, or entitlement.

17. I m m a t u r e D e f e n s e s T h e s e m e c h a n i s m s a r e f a i r l y c o m m o n i n preadolescent years and in adult character disorders. They are often mobilized by anxieties related to intimacy or its loss. Although they are regarded as socially awkward and undesirable, they often moderate with improvement in interpersonal relationships or with increased personal maturity.

18. 1 . A c t i n g o u t T h e d i r e c t e x p r e s s i o n o f a n u n c o n s c i o u s w i s h o r impulse in action to avoid being conscious of the accompanying affect. The unconscious fantasy, involving objects, is lived out and impulsively enacted in behavior, thus gratifying the impulse more than the prohibition against it. On a chronic level, acting out involves giving in to i m p u l s e s t o a v o i d t h e t e n s i o n t h a t w o u l d r e s u l t f r o m p o s t p o n e m e n t o f t h e i r e x p r e s s i o n .

19. 2 . B l o c k i n g An inhibition, usually temporary in nature, of affects especially, but possibly also thinking and impulses. It is close to repression in its effects but has a component of tension arising from the inhibition of the impulse, affect, or thought.

20. 3.Hypochondriasis Transformation of reproach toward others arising from bereavement, loneliness, or unacceptable aggressive impulses, into self-reproach in the form of somatic complaints of pain, illness, and so forth. R e a l i l l n e s s m a y a l s o b e o v e r e m p h a s i z e d o r exaggerated for its evasive and regressive possibilities. Thus, responsibility may be avoided, guilt may be circumvented, and instinctual i m p u l s e s m a y b e w a r d e d o ff .

21. 4.Introjection In addition to the developmental functions of the process of introjection, it also can serve specific defensive functions. The introjection of a loved object involves the internalization of characteristics of the object with the goal of ensuring closeness to and constant presence of the object. Anxiety consequent to separation or tension arising out of ambivalence toward the object is thus diminished. If the object is lost, introjection nullifies or negates the l o s s b y t a k i n g o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e o b j e c t , t h u s i n a sense internally preserving the object. Even if the object is not lost, the internalization usually i n v o l v e s a s h i f t o f c a t h e x i s r e f l e c t i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t alteration in the object relationship.

22. lntrojection of a feared object serves to avoid anxiety through internalizing the aggressive characteristic of the object, thereby putting the aggression under one's own control. The aggression is no longer felt as coming from outside, but is taken within and utilized defensively, thus turning the subject's weak, passive position into an active, strong one. The classic example is "identification with the aggressor. "lntrojection can also take place out of a sense of guilt in which the self-punishing introject is attributable to the hostile destructive component of an ambivalent tie to an object. Thus, the self-punitive qualities of the object are taken over and established within one's self as a symptom or character trait, which effectively represents both the destruction and the preservation of the object. This is also cal led identification with the victim.

23. 5 . P a ss i v e a gg r e ss i v e b e h a v i o u r Aggression toward an object expressed indirectly and ineffectively through passivity, masochism, a n d t u r n i n g a g a i n s t t h e s e l f .

24. 6.Projection On a nonpsychotic level, projection involves attributing one's own unacknowledged feelings to others; it includes severe prejudice, rejection of intimacy through suspiciousness, hypervigilance to external danger, and injustice collecting. Projection operates correlatively to introjection, such that the material of the projection derives f r o m t h e i n t e r n a l i z e d b u t u s u a l l y u n c o n s c i o u s configuration of the subject's introjects. At higher levels of function, projection may take the form of m i s a tt r i b u t i n g o r m i s i n t e r p r e t i n g m o t i v e s , a t t i t u d e s , f ee l i n g s , o r i n t e n t i o n s o f o t h e r s .

25. 7.Regression A return to a previous stage of development or functioning to avoid the anxieties or hostilities involved in later stages. A return to earlier points of fixation embodying modes of behavior previously given up. This is often the result of a disruption of e q u i l i b r i u m a t a l a t e r p h a s e o f d e v e l o p m e n t . This reflects a basic tendency to achieve instinctual gratification or to escape instinctual t e n s i o n b y r e t u r n i n g t o e a r li e r m o d e s a n d l e v e l s o f g r a t i f i c a t i o n w h e n l a t e r a n d m o r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d modes fail or involve intolerable conflict.

26. 8 . S c h i z o i d f a n t a s y The tendency to use fantasy and to indulge in autistic retreat for the purpose of conflict resolution and gratification

27. 9.Somatization The defensive conversion of psychic derivatives into bodily symptoms; tendency to react with somatic rather than psychic manifestations. Infantile somatic responses are replaced by thought and affect during development (desomatization); regression to earlier somatic forms or response (resomatization) may result from unresolved conflicts and may play an important role in psychophysiological and psychosomatic reactions.

28. N e u r o t i c D e f e n s e s These are common in apparently normal and healthy individuals as well as in neurotic disorders. They function usually in the alleviation of distressing affects and may be expressed in n e u r o t i c f o r m s o f b e h a v i o r . D e p e n d i n g o n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e y c a n a l s o h a v e an adaptive or socially acceptable aspect.

29. 1.Controlling The excessive attempt to manage or regulate events or objects in the environment in the interest of minimizing anxiety and solving internal conflicts.

30. 2.Displacement I n v o l v e s a p u r p o s e f u l , u n c o n s c i o u s s h i f t i n g o f impulses or affective investment from one object to another in the interest of solving a conflict. Although the object is changed, the instinctual nature of the impulse and its aim remain unchanged.

31. 3.Dissociation A temporary but drastic modification of character or sense of personal identity to avoid emotional distress; it includes fugue states and hysterical conversion reactions.

32. Externalization A general term, correlative to internalization, referring to the tendency to perceive in the external world and in external objects components of one's own personality, including instinctual impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and styles of thinking. I t i s a m o r e g e n e r a l t e r m t h a n p r o j e c t i o n , w h i c h i s defined by its derivation from and correlation with specific introjects.

33. Inhibition The unconsciously determined limitation or renunciation of specific ego functions, singly or i n combination, to avoid anxiety arising out of conflict with instinctual impulses, superego, or environmental forces or figures.

34. Intellectualization T h e c o n t r o l o f a f f e c t s a n d i m p u l s e s b y w a y o f thinking about them instead of experiencing them. It is a systematic excess of thinking, deprived of its affect, to defend against anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses.

35. I s o l a t i o n The intrapsychic splitting or separation of affect from content resulting in repression of either idea or affect or the displacement of affect to a different or substitute content.

36. Rationalisation A justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behavior that m i g h t o t h e r w i s e b e u n a cc e p t a b l e b y a n i n c o rr e c t application of justifying reasons or the invention of a convincing fallacy.

37. R e a c t i o n f o r m a t i o n The management of unacceptable impulses by permitting expression of the impulse in antithetical form. This is equivalently an expression of the impulse in the negative. Where instinctual conflict is persistent, reaction formation can become a character trait on a permanent basis, usually as an aspect of obsessional character.

38. R e p r e ss i o n Consists of the expel ling and withholding from c o n s c i o u s a w a r e n e s s o f a n i d e a o r f ee l i n g . I t m a y operate either by excluding from awareness what was once experienced on a conscious level (secondary repression) or it may curb ideas and feelings before they have reached consciousness (primary repression). The "forgetting" associated with repression is unique in that it is often accompanied by highly symbolic behavior, which suggests that the repressed is not really forgotten.

39. Sexualization The endowing of an object or function with sexual significance that it did not previously have, or possesses to a lesser degree, to ward off anxieties connected with prohibited impulses.

40. M a t u r e d e f e n s e s T h e s e m e c h a n i s m s a r e h e a l t h y a n d a d a p t i v e throughout the life cycle. They are socially adaptive and useful in the integration of personal needs and motives, social demands, and interpersonal relations. They can underlie seemingly admirable and virtuous patterns of behavior.

41. Altruism The vicarious but constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others, even to the detriment of the self. This must be distinguished from altruistic surrender, which involves a masochistic surrender of direct gratification or of instinctual needs in favor of fulfilling the needs of others to the detriment of the self, with vicarious satisfaction only being gained through introjection.

42. Anticipation The realistic anticipation of or planning for future i nn e r d i s c o m f o r t : I m p li e s o v e r l y c o n c e r n e d planning, worrying, and anticipation of dire and dreadful possible outcomes.

43. Asceticism The elimination of directly pleasurable affects attributable to an experience. The moral element is implicit i n setting values on specific pleasures. Asceticism is directed against all "base" pleasures perceived consciously, and gratification is derived from the renunciation.

44. H u m o r The overt expression of feelings without personal discomfort or immobilization and without u n p l e a s a n t e ff e c t o n o t h e r s . H u m o r a ll o w s o n e t o bear, and yet focus on, what is too terrible to be borne, in contrast to wit, which always involves distraction or displacement away from the affective issue.

45. Sublimation The gratification of an impulse whose goal is retained but whose aim or object is changed from a socially objectionable one to a socially valued one. Libidinal sublimation involves a desexualization of drive impulses and the placing of a value judgment that substitutes what is valued by the superego or society. Sublimation of aggressive impulses takes place through pleasurable games and sports. Unlike neurotic defenses, sublimation allows instincts to be channeled rather than dammed up or diverted. Thus, in sublimation, feelings are acknowledged, modified, and directed toward a relatively significant p e r s o n o r g o a l s o t h a t m o d e s t i n s t i n c t u a l s a t i s f a c t i o n results.

46. Supression T h e c o n s c i o u s o r s e m i c o n s c i o u s d e c i s i o n t o postpone attention to a conscious impulse or conflict.

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