Defending a Stand on an Issue through Reasonable Arguments_1.pptx

Debate

1. Analyzing Arguments in a Manifesto Presentation by: CASYLOU B. MARAGGUN

2. In academic writing, an argument is usually a main idea, often called a “ claim” or ‘thesis statement ’, backed up with evidence that supports the idea. A manifesto , from the Italian word manifastere is a public declaration of policy and aims. It is a published declaration of the intentions, motives or views of a person, a group or a political party or government. It is derived from the Italian word manifesto and from the Latin manifestum , meaning clear or conspicuous. Its first recorded use in English is from 1620, in Nathaniel Brent's translation of Paolo Sarpi's History of the Council of Trent. To better understand the term, here are sample synonyms of the word manifesto: announcement, declaration, proclamation, conclusion, decision, judgement, resolution, conclusion, opinion.

3. In this activity, study the following issues and analyze the kind of evidence the author used to support his/her claim. Identify if it is FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE, STATISTICAL INFERENCES, PERSONAL TESTIMONY, or INFORMED OPINION. Write your answer on the second column. SOCIAL ISSUES During the martial law period, the Supreme Court heard petitions for habeas corpus. It is most ironic after martial law has allegedly been lifted, that the Supreme Court last April ruled it can longer entertain petitions for habeas corpus for persons detained under a Presidential Commitment Order, which covers all so-called national security cases and which under present circumstances can cover almost anything. TYPE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE USED

4. SOCIAL ISSUES Poverty and other social miseries are in large part due to social structure, which is how society functions at a macro level. Some societal issues, such as racism, sexism and segregation, constantly cause disparities in education, employment and income for marginalized groups. The majority group naturally has a head start, relative to groups that deal with a wide range of societal barriers on a daily basis. TYPE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE USED

5. SOCIAL ISSUES Drug addiction, in the simplest terms is the strong compulsion to get and use substances, even though a number of undesirable and dangerous consequences are likely to occur. Addiction has been described as a “medical disorder that affects the brain and changes behavior. TYPE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE USED

6. SOCIAL ISSUES The issue that the Philippine educational system faces is the budget for education. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries. TYPE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE USED

7. SOCIAL ISSUES Brain Drain is a persistent problem evident in the Philippines due to the modern phenomenon of globalization, with the number of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at any time during the period April to September 2014 was estimated at 2.3 million. TYPE OF FACTUAL EVIDENCE USED

8. Directions. Activity 3: The illustration below shows a sample manifesto of different personalities in support to Vice-President Lenie Robredo’s fight on the issue of COVID-19 pandemic. Please take a look on it and try to analyze because in this level, you will advance your skills by extracting arguments from the manifesto as well as supporting details presented. Write it on the writing prompt provided below.

9. A TIME TO HEAL AND A TIME TO UNITE We stand in solidarity with Leni Robredo. We have great faith that her inspiring and selfless leadership can help the nation rise above the polarizing effect of the 2016 elections. Having been honed and deeply immersed in the ideals and practice of good governance and people empowerment during her life partnership with Jesse Robredo, she embodies how a public servant should use the powers and responsibilities of public office for the public good. Based on how she has lived her life, we are certain that she as duly-elected Vice President, will continue to be the government’s champion of those in the peripheries. Above all, Leni Robredo Stands for what is right and honest, and will not tolerate anything that will taint her name, raise a cloud of suspicion on her supporters, or damage our institutions, especially our electoral process. In view of the accusations that the results have been manipulated — giving rise once more to divisive debates that are dominating social and mass media — we appeal for sobriety

10. . We express our sincere belief that Leni’s eventual victory will be won through the collective and free choice of the Filipino electorate. When the political battle ends, it will then be time for reconciliation; time to set aside partisan differences that have divided us as a people and as a nation. We need to rise above our pains to help our country attain political and economic stability that will give us, especially the poor, reason to hope for a brighter future.

11. Defending a Stand on an Issue through Reasonable Arguments Presentation by: CASYLOU B. MARAGGUN

12. Background Information for Learners Like a lawyer in a jury trial, a writer must convince her audience of the validity of her argument by using evidence effectively. As a writer, you must also use evidence to persuade your readers to accept your claims. But how do you use your evidence to your advantage? By leading your reader through your reasoning. The types of evidence you use change from discipline to discipline. You might use quotations from a poem or literary critic, for example, in a literature paper, you might use data from an experiment in a lab report. Many times, our writing must not just be informative but it must also be persuasive.

13. One of the best ways to be very persuasive is to use a great argument, that your opinion is valid and defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well - founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides.

14. Start On One of the most debatable topics nowadays specifically in education is the banning of homework. Homework is the main public and private schooling experience for many of us who grew up doing it. Long nights spent on science projects, book reports and all of those repetitive math sheets in any case. Advocates of it argue that banning homework can decrease burnout issues and can increase the amount of family time, as well as reducing the negative impact of homework on the student’s health. And yet those who are against it stated that homework enables parents to be involved with the educational process as they reinforce the essential concepts that were discovered by their children each day. Aside from this homework teaches students to manage their time, to be accountable for their role as homework is an essential tool in the development of the lessons.

15. KEEP ON Is homework a necessary evil? Homework battles have raged for decades. For as long as children have been whining about doing their homework, parents and education reformers have complained that homework’s benefits are dubious. Meanwhile many teachers argue that take - home lessons are key to helping students learn. Now, as schools are shifting to the new (and hotly debated) Common Core Curriculum standards, educators, administrators and researchers are turning a fresh eye toward the question of homework’s value. But when it comes to deciphering the research literature on the subject, homework is anything but an open book.

16. On this note, this stand or position can be expressed formally through a position paper. Position paper is a composition that highlights as opinion of an author or specified entity about an issue. Like a debate, it presents one side of an arguable opinion and persuades the readers or audience that the author has well founded knowledge about the issue.

17. WRITING EFFECTIVE POSITION PAPER: What do I need to know? In writing a position paper, the writer: 1. shows his knowledge and concern about issues of the land. 2. Informs others of his position and conviction. 3. Formally organizes his perspective of the issue as a basis to build resolution to difficult problems 4. Suggests unique well - thought of approach to deal with the issue or to solve problem 5. Outlines his discussion to define the framework of the scheme 6. Establishes his credibility 7. Demonstrates passion through the force of the argument rather than the force of emotion

18. Issue Criteria To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a topic that interest you. The following criteria are considered: 1. The prevalence and pervasiveness of the issue 2. The argument value of the issue 3. The urgency of advocating one side of the issue 4. The sense and significance of the issue

19. Developing and Supporting an Argument Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter, while you may have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with the list of supporting evidence for both sides. Some of these are: 1. Factual Knowledge - information that is valid and verifiable 2. Statistical Inferences - conclusions drawn from data gathered 3. Informed Opinion - based on knowledge of the facts and carefully considered principle. It relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience 1. Personal Testimony - personal or first - hand experience of the writer or knowledgeable party

20. LOAD Load up your mind with ideas! The education sector is one of the highly affected by the COVID - 19 pandemic. Nowadays, we are all staying in our homes due to the lockdown policy implemented by the government. However, learning should not halt. Different countries worldwide, including the Philippines, have introduced various answers during the pandemic to continue the education process - the utilization of distance learning. There will be no regular in-person classes come the opening of classes as modular system is going to be used as learning materials will be delivered to the learner’s home .

21. Directions: As a student, what is your idea about distance learning? Make a list of the pros and cons or advantages and disadvantages of this issue. Come up with at least three points for each side. Put your list together in point form or full sentence. DISTANCE LEARNING ADVANTAGES DISADVANATGES

22. ENGAGE Engage and take a stand! Part of life is being able to express our thoughts, ideas, and stand on matters around us. It is also about focusing on what we consider are truly important. Now that we are facing trying times brought by COVID -19 pandemic, our lives have simplified as our focus now is guarding our health and how to get by because of the social and economic crisis we are living through. Directions: Being called as the hope of our nation and as a member of your community, think of 3 things that you can do amid the pandemic outbreak and 3 things that matter most in these changing and critical times. Defend your stand.

23. A. Three Things That I Can Do During the Pandemic 1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ Your stand: ___________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Three Things That Matter Most in These Changing Times 1. __________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________ Your stand: ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

24. Directions: For you to develop more of your analytical and evaluative skills, you should know how to discern fact from opinion. A fact is something that can be proven true with some form of evidence while an opinion is not backed by facts. It is often feelings or emotions. Below is an example of a fact and an opinion which serves as your reference. From the topics listed for letter A, write one fact and one opinion for each. For letter B, you have to read the statement carefully. Circle whether it is a fact or opinion and explain your answer by giving factual evidence/s. A. Write a Fact and an Opinion Example: bodies of water Fact: More than two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by oceans. Opinion: The Pacific Ocean is the best ocean to visit.

25. 1. museum Fact: ____________________________________________________________ Opinion: _________________________________________________________ 2. pandemic Fact: ____________________________________________________________ Opinion: _________________________________________________________ 3. vacation Fact: ____________________________________________________________ Opinion: _________________________________________________________

26. 4. basketball Fact: ____________________________________________________________ Opinion: _________________________________________________________ 5. flower Fact: ____________________________________________________________ Opinion: _________________________________________________________

27. B. Why is it a Fact or Opinion? 1. Washing your hands often can help keep germs from spreading. Fact or Opinion? Why? _______________________________________________ 2. Of all the senses, vision is the one that human needs the most. Fact or Opinion? Why? _______________________________________________ 3. Earth is between the moon and the sun during a lunar eclipse. Fact or Opinion? Why? _______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 4. A wind turbine is a modern windmill used to generate electricity. Fact or Opinion? Why? _______________________________________________ 5. The COVID - 19 pandemic is the defining global health crisis of our time and the greatest challenge we have faced since World War II. Fact or Opinion? Why? ______________________________________________

28. PERFORMANCE TASK

29. Title/Proposition _______________________________________________________ I. Introduction (Background of the topic) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ II. Body A. The Counterclaim ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. The Arguments ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. Conclusion ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________