Defense at Y12HMC on determinates of esophageal cancer f .pptx

Defense on proposal at Yekatit 12 Hospital on determinants of esophageal cancer among patients at selected hospitals; a case control study

1. YEKATIT 12 HOSPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY Research topic defense By Zelalem N.

2. Titles 1. Pattern and outcome of trauma patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 2. Magnitude and associated factors of pediatric surgical procedures among pediatric surgical patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 3. Determinants of esophageal cancer among adult patients attending cancer treatment at oncologic units of hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

3. Title 1. Pattern and outcome of trauma patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

4. Introduction Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, impacting individuals of all ages, ethnicities, sexes, socioeconomic statuses, and geographic areas ( Abbafati C,et al.,2020) An average of approximately five million deaths annually, or 16,000 deaths every day, are attributed to injuries worldwide ( Chandran A,et al.,2019) Trauma results in 37.7 million emergency room visits annually, at a cost of $671 billion ( Khorgami Z,et al.,2018). The most frequent causes of injuries that led to hospital admission were assaults, falls, and traffic accidents, according to a hospital based trauma surveillance report in Sub-Saharan Africa (Tyson AF,et al.,2019).

5. This study will describe the patient characteristics and injury outcomes in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. Exploring the patterns and outcomes of trauma patients , contributes to a deeper understanding of the burden of trauma within the community served by Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. By comprehending the specifics of trauma patterns and their outcomes, public health interventions and resources can be targeted more effectively.

6. Objective General Objective To assess the pattern and outcome of trauma patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Specific Objective - To describe injuries patterns among treated trauma patients in Y12HMC, Addis Ababa - To assess the outcomes of trauma patients treated in Y12HMC, Addis Ababa

7. Methods Study design and setting - an institution-based prospective electronic medical records review will be conducted in Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College (Y12HMC) emergency department from January 2024 to December 2025. Population Source population : All trauma patients treated at Y12HMC - Study population : All trauma patients treated at Y12HMC during the study period that fulfil the inclusion criteria

8. Methods… Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria : Injured patients’ charts/EMR with complete clinical and socio-demographic information Exclusion criteria : Patients who were referred to other centers after admission, non-traumatic patients visiting emergency department and patients’ charts with missing variables. Sample size : will be determined by using single population proportion formula. Assuming two-sided significance level of Z value at 95% confidence interval=1.96, 5% margin of error and 49% trauma prevalence in a study done in Yirgalem Hospital ( Negussie A, et al.,2018 ), the sample size will be 384 .

9. Methods… Variables Dependent Variable: pattern and outcome of trauma Independent Variable: Socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, residence, educational level, marital status, occupation, income) and Clinical profile of patients (mechanism of injury, date and time of injury, referral region, types of injury, mode of transportation, time to arrive at the institution, pre-hospital treatment, mode of transport) Data collection procedure : The data will be collected using a structured questionnaire adapted from WHO injury surveillance and validated for low and middle-income countries. Data processing and analysis : The data will be entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26.

10. References 1. Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi M, Abbasifard M, Abbasi- Kangevari M, Abbastabar H, et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1204–22. 2. Chandran A, Hyder AA, Peek-Asa C. The global burden of unintentional injuries and an agenda for progress. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):110–20. 3. Khorgami Z, Fleischer WJ, Chen Y-JA, Mushtaq N, Charles MS, Howard CA. Ten-year trends in traumatic injury mechanisms and outcomes: a trauma registry analysis. Am J Surg. 2018;215(4):727–34. 4. Tyson AF, Varela C, Cairns BA, Charles AG. Hospital mortality following trauma: an analysis of a hospital-based injury surveillance registry in sub-Saharan Africa. J Surg Educ. 2015;72(4):e66–72. 5. Anteneh A, Endris BS. Injury related adult deaths in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: analysis of data from verbal autopsy. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1–8. 6. Negussie A, Getie A, Manaye E, Tekle T. Prevalence and outcome of injury in patients visiting the emergency Department of Yirgalem General Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18(1):1–5.

11. Tittle 2: Magnitude and associated factors of pediatric surgical procedures among pediatric surgical patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia .

12. Introduction Although the global health community has increasingly acknowledged that surgical conditions carry a large burden of disease, pediatric surgery has not always been recognized as a global health problem and has not received enough attention from planners and implementers of health policies ( Thanni O,et al.,2017 ) Approximately 28% of all disorders were treatable with surgery, with pediatric surgical pathologies accounting for about half of these cases. The annual presentation rate for all surgical problems in children aged 0-14 years in Sub-Saharan Africa was 543 per 10,000 ( Bickler SW, et.al,2003)

13. Introduction… In a study done at Adama Hospital Medical College , the most frequent reasons for surgical admissions were congenital abnormalities (19%), trauma (25.5%), and gastrointestinal disorders (33.8%). ( Ketema T.,2017) In another study carried out at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia, the most common reason for admission and pediatric surgical procedure was a congenital malformations, which accounted for 2,158 cases (47.6%), followed by trauma cases (970, 21.4%) . ( Tadesse A.,et al.,2019 ) Data on the range of surgical illnesses, the pattern and associated factors of pediatric surgical diseases are all limited. This study is aimed to describe pediatric surgical procedures in Y12HMC and this will help stakeholders and policy makers designing surgical plans and allocating resources.

14. Objectives General Objective To assess magnitude and associated factors of pediatric surgical procedures among pediatric surgical patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Specific Objective - To determine the magnitude of pediatric surgical procedures among pediatric surgical patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College - To identify the factors associated pediatric surgical procedures among pediatric surgical patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College

15. Methods Study design and setting : An institution based cross-sectional study will be conducted among pediatric surgical patients (<13 years of age) who had surgery done in Y12HMC between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2025. Populations - Source population : pediatric surgical patients (<13 years of age) who had surgery done in Y12HMC - Study population : pediatric surgical patients (<13 years of age) who had surgery done in Y12HMC during the study period that fulfil the inclusion criteria

16. Methods Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria : All children who underwent general pediatric surgical intervention will be included in the study. Exclusion criteria : Exclusion from the study will apply to pediatric surgical cases requiring intervention in the areas of cardiology, orthopedics, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, plastic and reconstructive surgery. Additionally, minor out-patient general pediatric surgical cases will be excluded. Sample size: Sample size will not be calculated; rather, all pediatric surgical patients (<13 years of age) who had surgery done in Y12HMC between January 1, 2024 and December 31, 2025 and satisfy the inclusion criteria will be included

17. Methods Variables - Dependent Variable : Pediatric surgical procedures Independent Variable : Socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, residence) Data collection procedure: The data will be collected using a data abstraction form prepared by reviewing relevant literatures. Data processing and analysis: The data will be entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26.

18. References 1. Thanni O, Shonubi A, Akiode O. A retrospective audit of paediatric surgical admission in a sub-urban tertiary hospital. West Afr J Med. 2. Bickler SW, Telfer ML, Sanno-Duanda B. Need for paediatric surgery care in an urban area of The Gambia. Trop Doct . 2003 Apr;33(2):91–4. 3. Bickler SW, Rode H. Surgical services for children in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2002;80(10):829–35. 4. Ketema T. Pediatric Surgical Admissions and Their Outcomes at Adama Hospital Medical College: A Facility Based Cross Sectional Study. Am J Pediatr . 2017;3(4):23. 5. Tadesse A, Gossaye A, Derbew M. Pediatrics surgical admissions and procedures: A five-year ex- perience at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Med J. 2019;57(3):235–40.

19. Determinants of Oesophageal cancer among adult patients at Oncologic units of Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia : a case control study

20. Introduction Esophageal cancer is ranked 5th of all types of malignancies in Ethiopia following uterine, cervical, breast, and colorectal cancers ( Schaafsma T., et al.,2015) The determinants of OC vary with tissue types, geographical locations, socio-demographic characteristics, economic status, lifestyles, and genetic differences in human beings Positive associations were reported between the consumption of hot foods, beverages, pickled vegetables, low intakes of fruit, vegetables, minerals, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the esophagus ( Islami I., et al.,2009 ) An increased risk of OC was observed with the consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods, exposure to ionizing radiation, environmental carcinogens and tobacco use. ( Leon ME, et al.,2017 )

21. Introduction … The findings regarding the risk factors associated with OC at the national level are inconsistent and the determinants of the disease were not elucidated so far at the study area where the disease is highly increasing . Moreover, previous studies did not consider the role of local, culturally specific dietary practices and exposure to potential environmental carcinogens that could misrepresent the association between diet and risk of esophageal cancer. This study will identify the determinants of OC in oncologic units of public hospitals where OC is the 5th leading cancer in Ethiopia.

22. Objective General objective To assess the determinants of esophageal cancer among adult patients at oncologic units of public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

23. Methods Study area - Selected oncologic units of public hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Study populations - Endoscopically examined and histologically confirmed OC patients who attend at oncologic units of public hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Study design - A case-control study will be employed

24. Methods … Variables - Dependent variables Oesophageal Ca (1: Cases (Oesophageal Ca), 2: Controls (healthy peoples ) - Independent variables Socio demographic factors Behavioral and related characteristics Nutrition and related characteristics Environmental and related characteristics

25. References 1. Schaafsma T, Wakefield J, Hanisch R, et al. Africa’s oesophageal cancer corridor: geographic variations in incidence correlate with certain micronutrient deficiencies. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0140107. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0140107 2. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. Cancer J Clin. 2015; 65:5–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21254 3. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol . 2006;72(11):1605–1621. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.029 4. Zhang J, Zhou B, Hao C. Coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer incidence: a metaanalysis of epidemiologic studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(17):e0514. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010514 5. Islami F, Boffetta P, Ren J-S, Pedoeim L, Khatib D, Kamangar F. Hightemperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk-a systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(3):491–524. doi:10.1002/ijc.24445 6. Lin J, Zeng R, Cao W, Luo R, Chen J. Hot beverage and food intake and esophageal cancer in Southern China. Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev. 2011;12:2189–2192 7. Leon ME, Assefa M, Kassa E, et al. Qat use and esophageal cancer in Ethiopia: a pilot casecontrol study. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0178911. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0178911 8 . Mengesha B, Ergete W. Staple Ethiopian diet and cancer of the oesophagus . East Afr Med J. 2005;82(7):353–356. 9. Shewaye AB, Seme A. Risk factors associated with oesophageal malignancy among Ethiopian patients: a case control study. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2016;21(2):33. doi:10.4314/ecajs.v21i2.5 10. Deybasso , H. A., Roba , K. T., Nega , B., & Belachew , T. (2021). Dietary and Environmental Determinants of Oesophageal Cancer in Arsi Zone, Oromia, Central Ethiopia: A Case–Control Study. Cancer Management and Research, 13, 2071.