DEFENSE MECHANISM.pptx

DEFENSE MECHANISM

1. DEFENSE MECHANISMS Guided by- Dr. Nimisha Mishra (M.D.) Presented by- Dr. Jag Mohan Prajapati Dr. Sunil k. Ahuja (M.D.) JR1 PSYCHIATRY Dr. Ambrish Mishra (M.D.) SSMC REWA Dr. Dheerendra Mishra (M.D.,DNB) Dr. Amrendra Singh (M.D.)

2. DEFINITION Defense mechanisms are defined as unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self image. purpose of the Ego Defense Mechanisms is to protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety.

3. HISTORY Sigmund Freud Founder of psychoanalysis. Theory of Psychosexual Development . The Id, Ego, and Superego . Dream interpretation. Free association Anna Freud Child psychoanalysis Clear explanations of defense mechanism concept of signal anxiety

4. STRUCTURAL MODEL OF MIND

5. THE ID Reservoir Of Unorganized Instinctual Drives Based On The Pleasure Principle Unconscious Primary Process No Logic And No Time Line

6. SUPER EGO Internalized Societal And Parental Standards Predominantly Unconscious The Conscience The Ego Ideal Children Internalize Parental Values And Standards At About The Age Of 5-6 yrs

7. EGO The moderator between the id and superego Sense of time and place Based on reality principle Predominantly conscious ,some part is unconscious Defense mechanisms reside in the unconscious domain of ego.

8. Basic concept –Types of Anxiety Reality Anxiety: most basic form of anxiety ,typically based on fears of real and possible events, such as being bitten by a dog or falling from a ladder. • Neurotic Anxiety: comes from an unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the ID will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment. • Moral Anxiety: form of anxiety comes from a fear of violating values and moral codes, and appears as feelings of guilt or shame.

9. According to Freud, anxiety is an unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid. When anxiety occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful (and maybe anyway), ego has some tools it can use in its job as the mediator, tools that help defend the ego, these are called Ego Defense Mechanisms or Defenses. They helped shield the ego from the conflicts created by the id, superego, and reality. Intrapsychic conflict(between id, ego , superego) Anxiety Reliance on defense mechanism

10. Ego Defenses If the signal anxiety cannot be defused, it may overwhelm the ego and allow the primitive primary process thinking of the unconscious to become manifested in the conscious life of the person

11. Important properties Freud discovered most of the defense mechanisms and identified five of their important properties: 1 Defenses are a major means of managing instinct and affect. 2 They are unconscious. 3 They are discrete (from one another). 4 Although often the hallmarks of major psychiatric syndromes, defenses are dynamic and reversible. 5 They can be adaptive as well as pathological .

12. Purpose of Defense Mechanisms Allow individuals a period of respite to master changes in self-image that cannot be immediately integrated, as might result from puberty, an amputation, or a promotion (i.e., changes in reality). Deflect or deny sudden increases in biological drives. Awareness of instinctual wishes is usually diminished; alternatively, antithetical wishes may be passionately adhered to. Enable individuals to mitigate unresolved conflicts with important people, living or dead. Keep anxiety, shame, and guilt within bearable limits during sudden conflicts with conscience and culture.

13. Classification of defense mechanisms: Defenses employed by ego can be listed according to variety of classification:- Developmental by Anna Freud Valliant (1971) Bond et al. (1983) Perry and Copper (1985) American Psychiatric Association (1994)

14. Development by Anna Freud : Normally there is an orderly sequence as the child matures. Oral (0-18 months) - narcissistic defenses (Projection, denial, distortion) Anal (18months-3 years) - Identification, undoing, reaction formation, isolation, regression Phallic / oedipal (3- 6 years) - Intellectualization Latency (6 years to puberty) - Symbolization, sublimation

15. Narcissistic-Psychotic Defenses Projection Denial Distortion These defenses are usually found as part of a psychotic process, but may also occur in young children and adult dreams or fantasies. They share the common note of avoiding, negating, or distorting reality.

16. Immature Defenses Acting out Blocking Hypochondriasis lntrojection Passive-aggressive behaviour Projection Regression Schizoid fantasy Somatization

17. Neurotic Defenses Controlling Externalization Displacement Dissociation Isolation Rationalization Reaction formation Repression Inhibition Intellectualization Sexualization

18. Mature Defenses Altruism Anticipation Asceticism Humor Sublimation Suppression

19. Narcissistic Immature Neurotic Mature Projection Acting out Controlling Altruism Denial Blocking Displacement Anticipation Distortion Hypochondriasis Dissociation Asceticism lntrojection Externalization Humor Passive-aggressive behaviour Isolation Sublimation Projection Inhibition Suppression Regression Intellectualization Schizoid fantasy Rationalization, Reaction formation , Repression Somatization Sexualization

20. DENIAL Denial is simply refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred. Denial is one of Freud's original defense mechanisms. It is considered one of the most primitive of the defense mechanisms because it is characteristic of early childhood development. It is a form of repression, where stressful thoughts are banned from memory. Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life they don’t wish to admit.

21. Involuntary exclusion of unpleasant or painful reality from conscious awareness. Postulated by Sigmund Freud Simple denial - deny the reality of the unpleasant fact altogether. Minimization - admit the fact but deny its seriousness Projection - admit both the fact and seriousness but deny responsibility

22. TYPES OF DENIAL Denial of fact Denial of responsibility Denial of impact Denial of awareness Denial of cycle Denial of denial

23. Example: 1) Patient denies that his physician's diagnosis of cancer is correct and seeks a second opinion. 2) Alcoholics vigorously deny that they have a problem.

24. DISTORTION Grossly reshaping external reality to suit inner needs Clinical illustration: Hallucinations Delusions especially grandiose

25. PROJECTION Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable inner impulses and their derivatives as though they were outside the self Freudian Projection projective identification -connection of the self with that projected impulse continues. Example-Blaming Clinical-Delusions and hallucinations Paranoid personality Projective Techniques-Rorschach ink-blot

26. What you do: Attribute your own undesirable impulses, feeling, or desires to another person Examples: “I hate her” really means “I think she hates me”

27. ALTRUISM Rooted in the Latin word alter-meaning other. Altruism –means “ living for others ” . Key component- Selflessness - an unselfish regard for the welfare of others Altruism was ignored as an area of study in social psychology untill the mid-20th century even though Auguste Comte coined the term 100 years prior. Using constructive and instinctually gratifying service to others to undergo a vicarious experience.

28. EXPLANATION FOR ALTRUISM Psychologists have suggested a number of different explanations for why altruism exists: Biological reasons: Kin selection- We may be more altruistic towards those we are related to because it increases the odds that our blood relations will survives and transmit their genes to future generations. Neurological reasons: Altruism activates reward centres in the brain.

29. Social norms: Society’s rules,norms,expectations can also influence w h ether or not people engage in altruistic behaviour. The norm of reciprocity- A social expectation in which we feel pressured to help others if they have already done something for us. For example: If your friend loaned you money few weeks ago,you will probably feel compelled to reciprocate when he asks for loan of rs 1000.He did something for you,now you feel obligated to do something in.

30. ANTICIPATION Realistic thinking and planning about future unpleasurable events. It is goal directed and implies careful planning or worrying ,premature but realistic affective anticipation of potentially dreadful outcome. • Ex: getting old –think ahead and plan your retirement wisely! Ex: moderate amount of anxiety before surgery promotes post surgical adaptation.

31. ASCETICISM Eliminating the pleasurable effects of experiences and assigning moral values to specific pleasures. Gratification is derived from renunciation.

32. SUBLIMATION Achieving impulse gratification and retention of goals ,but altering a socially objectionable aim or object to a socially acceptable one It is nothing but channelizing rather than blocking or diverting a unacceptable infantile or impulse into personally satisfying and socially valuable behaviour pattern Most productive

33. Example: 1)A teenage boy with strong competitive and aggressive feelings becomes a football player. 2)A young man who has lost his lover may turn to write poetry about love. 3)A person who has aggressive feeling and can not express in society can become a soldier or boxer. 4) A angry man does pushups to work off his temper.

34. HUMOUR

35. SUPPRESSION A conscious inhibition of impulses or ideas those are incompatible with the individual’s evaluation of himself according to his ego ideal. Ex. Choosing not to think of the bad events to avoid distress

36. DEFENSE MECHANISMS USED IN VARIOUS PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS:

37. Serial number Disorder Defense Mechanisms 1 Anxiety Repression 2 Phobia Displacement, Regression 3 OCD Isolation of affect, Undoing ,Reaction formation 4 Depression Regression, Turning of aggression against self 5 Mania Denial, Projection, Regression 6 Paranoid Projection, Regression, Rationalization 7 Schizophrenia Regression, Projection, Isolation of affect

38. Defense mechanisms in substance abuse Denial Isolation Rationalization Projection Minimizing

39. References CTP , 10th Edition Introduction to Psychology, Morgan and King Ego Defence Mechanism , George E Vaillant