Defining culture and society from the perspectives of ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

1. DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

2. SOCIETY EX: BARANGAY, CITY, COUNTRY, ASIA A society describes a group of people who share a common territory and a culture. By “ territory” sociologists refer to a definable region- as small as a neighborhood

3. CULTURE refers to “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge , and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society”.

4. CULTURE Neither society nor culture could exist without the other REPRESENTS: BELIEFS PRACTICES ARTIFACTS REPRESENTS: SOCIAL STRUCTURES ORGANIZATIONS SOCIETY

5. TYPES OF SOCIETY Sociologists have classified the different types of societies into six categories, each of which possesses its own unique characteristics.

6. Although humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists (experts who study early and tribal cultures) usually refer to six basic types of societies, each defined by its level of technology.

7. 1. Hunting and gathering societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 7 These are the earliest forms of society.

8. 1. Hunting and gathering societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 8 These are small and generally with less than 50 members and is nomadic.

9. 1. Hunting and gathering societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 9 The members survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants.

10. MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 10 some division of labor based on gender Hunting and gathering societies were also  tribal

11. 2. Pastoral Societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 11 Rely on products through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation and food.

12. 2. Pastoral Societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 12 The word 'pastoral' comes from the Latin root word  pastor , which means 'shepherd.' Someone living in a pastoral society is called a pastoralist.

13. 2. Pastoral Societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 13 These are common in areas where crops cannot be supported and only have to move when the land in which animals gaze is no longer usable.

14. 2. Pastoral Societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 14 allow certain of its members (those who are not domesticating animals) to engage in nonsurvival activities. Traders , healers, spiritual leaders, craftspeople, and people with other specialty professions appear.

15. MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 15 These societies rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive. 3. Horticultural Societies

16. 3. Horticultural Societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 16 They are often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supplies decrease.

17. 4. Agricultural societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 17 Focuses on mode of production They rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat, rice, and corn.

18. 4. Agricultural societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 18 Productivity increases, and as long as there are plenty of food, people do not have to move.

19. 4. Agricultural societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 19 Greater degrees of social stratification appeared in agricultural societies.

20. 4. Agricultural societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 20 Farmers provided warriors with food in exchange for protection against invasion by enemies . A system of rulers with high social status also appeared. This  nobility organized warriors to protect the society from invasion. 

21. 5. Industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 21 Sociologists refer to the period during the 18th century when the production of goods in mechanized factories began as the  Industrial Revolution . 

22. 5. Industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 22 . The Industrial Revolution appeared first in Britain, and then quickly spread to the rest of the world.

23. 5. Industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 23 They use advanced sources of energy to run large machinery which led to industrialization .

24. 5. Industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 24 Led to innovations in transportation led people to travel, work in factories, and live in cities.

25. 6. Post-industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 25 Their economy is based on services and technology, not production.

26. 6. Post-industrial societies MM.DD.20XX ADD A FOOTER 26 The economy is dependent on tangible goods, people must pursue greater education, and the new communications technology allows work to be performed from a variety of locations.

27. GROUP ACTIVITY: OUR IDEAL SOCIETY Creatively describe your Ideal society by combining three categories. Consider the following factors: SOCIAL INTERACTION (SOCIAL) LIVELIHOOD (ECONOMY) LEADERSHIP (GOVERNMENT) RESOURSES (ENVIRONMENTAL)

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29.   ASPECTS OF CULTURE Cultures have key features (classification and elements) and characteristics that are present in all cultures

30. 30 the characteristic features of everyday existence (such as diversions or a way of life) shared by people in a place or time CULTURE

31. 31 MM.DD.20XX the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution or organization CULTURE

32. Classification of Culture 32 MM.DD.20XX Cultural components that are visible and tangible All material objects or those components or elements of culture with physical representation such as tools, furniture, buildings, bridges, gadgets, etc. 1. Material Culture

33. Classification of Culture 33 MM.DD.20XX nontangible or without physical representation can be categorized into cognitive and normative nonmaterial culture. 1. Nonmaterial Culture

34. NONMATERIAL 34 MM.DD.20XX includes the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs , etc. that are products of the mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind. COGNITIVE CULTURE

35. NONMATERIAL 35 MM.DD.20XX includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human behavior. NORMATIVE CULTURE

36.   ELEMENTS OF CULTURE All cultures consist of key elements that are crucial to human existence:

37. 1. BELIEFS 37 MM.DD.20XX are conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the environment around them. EX: like what is life, how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the value of life relate with his or her interaction with others and the world .

38. 1. BELIEFS 38 MM.DD.20XX These may be based on common sense, folk wisdom, religion, science , or a combination of all of these.

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40. Possible different sources: 1. a person’s own experiences or experiments 2. the acceptance of cultural and societal norms (e.g. religion) 3. what other people say ( e.g.education or mentoring).

41. SAMPLE OF COMMON BELIEFS: 1. I am in charge of my life. 2. I don’t need the approval of others to succeed 3. “We are here for a purpose” 4. What goes around, comes around. 5. Marriage = Happily ever after

42. Philippines Superstitious Beliefs: Do not comb hair at night, because your parents can die. Do not sleep with wet hair, because you can become crazy. Bad luck is when the picture falls from a wall. Do not break the mirror, because you will be unhappy.

43. 2. VALUES 43 MM.DD.20XX describes what is appropriate or inappropriate (good or bad ; desirable or undesirable ; worthy or unworthy) in a given society or what ought to be.

44. 2. VALUES 44 MM.DD.20XX These are broad, abstract, and shared to influence and guide the behavior of people.

45. 2. VALUES 45 MM.DD.20XX People live in a culture wherein symbols are used to understand each other.

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47. VALUES 47 MM.DD.20XX SYMBOLS verbal (words) nonverbal ( acts, gestures, signs, and objects) that communicate meaning that people recognize and shared.

48. 3. LANGUANGE 48 MM.DD.20XX is a shared set of spoken and written symbols . It is basic to communication and transmission of culture. It is known as the storehouse of culture.

49. 4. TECHNOLOGY 49 MM.DD.20XX refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and maintaining the environment .

50. 4. TECHNOLOGY 50 MM.DD.20XX It includes all artifacts, methods and devices created and used by people.

51. 5. NORMS 51 MM.DD.20XX are specific rules/standards to guide appropriate behavior .

52. Types Proscriptive Defines and tells us things not to do. Prescriptive Defines and tells us things to do .

53. Forms Folkways Also known as customs , these are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Mores These are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. Taboos Th ese are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust . Laws These are codified ethics , and formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency.

54. EXAMPLE OF FOLKWAYS 1. Proper dress 2. correct manner 3. proper eating behaviour 4. personal hygiene

55. Forms Folkways Also known as customs , these are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Mores These are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. Taboos Th ese are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust . Laws These are codified ethics , and formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency.

56. EXAMPLE OF MORES May result to severe penalties: 1. Murder 2. Theft 3. Rape 4. Fraud 5. corruption

57. Forms Folkways Also known as customs , these are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Mores These are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. Taboos Th ese are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust . Laws These are codified ethics , and formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency.

58. EXAMPLE OF TABOOS Abortion - terminating a pregnancy Addiction - addiction to legal or illegal drugs, including alcoholism Adultery - sexual intercourse with someone other than your spouse Bestiality or Zoophilia - sexual relations between a human and an animal Bigotry - speaking negatively about someone of another race

59. EXAMPLE OF TABOOS Fornication - sexual relations between people not married to one another Homosexuality - sexual attraction or relations with people of the same gender Illegal drugs - using or abusing illegal drugs Incest - sexual relations between relatives. Different cultures have different definitions of how close a relative would be considered taboo

60. EXAMPLE OF TABOOS Intermarriage - marriage between people who are closely related Polygamy - having more than one spouse at the same time Pornography - showing body parts for sexual excitement Suicide - the taking of one's own life

61. Forms Folkways Also known as customs , these are norms for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or convenience. Mores These are strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. Mores are norms based on definitions of right and wrong. Taboos Th ese are norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust . Laws These are codified ethics , and formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency.

62. By thems elves , norms are guidelines for human behavior. Sanctions encourage conformity to norms . Sanctions are socially imposed rewards and punishments in society which may be formal or informal.

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64.   CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

65. 1. Dynamic , Flexible, and Adaptive 65 Most societies interact with other societies, and lead to exchanges of material (e.g., tools and furniture) and nonmaterial (e.g., ideas and symbols) components of culture.

66. Dynamic 66 Culture is dynamic as it responds to the changing needs of time , alongside to the motion and actions within and around it. When one aspect changes within a system, culture easily responds to it.

67. EXAMPLE: 67 In the culture of China, binding of foot is part of their lives. Through this, the beauty of women is being portrayed and emphasized through out the country. But because of the development of technology and medical stuffs, further studies about foot binding were conducted. After analyzing the studies, foot binding is now being condemned in China.

68. Flexible 68 Culture is capable of being flexible to be able to face any challenges that life would bring.

69. EXAMPLE: 69 Amish people are very strict and particular with their culture. They still make decision-making balanced in a sense that both their organization and culture can survive the inevitable changes around them, especially through modern times. are a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with  Swiss German .

70. Adoptive 70 People use technology, ideas and activities in order to survive and expand the human culture and society, this only depicts that culture is adaptive.

71. EXAMPLE: 71  Technology usage has been a part of the evolving modern culture in which people need the gadget to survive in this era. For example, people are using smartphones to spread and share one's culture.

72. 2. Shared and may be Challenged 72 (given the reality of social differentiation ). As we share culture with others, we are able to act in appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act.

73. EXAMPLE: 73 Almost all people living in the Philippines share the Filipino language, dress similar styles, eat many of the same food, celebrate same holidays.

74. 3. Learned through socialization and enculturation 76 It is not biological, we do not inherit it but learn as we interact in society. Much of learning culture is unconscious. We learn, absorb, and acquire culture from families, peers, institutions, and the media .

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76. Enculturation is also known as socialization. As he meets people of his culture he gets more and more information and deep understanding of real life situations which later help him in his own experiences.

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79. 4. Patterned social interactions 81 Culture as a normative system has the capacity to define and control human behaviors. Norms are cultural expectations in terms of how one will think, feel, or behave as set by one’s culture.

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82. 5. Integrated 84 This is known as HOLISM , or the various parts of a culture being interconnected or interlinked. All aspects of a culture are related to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its part, not only a few.

83. 6. Transmitted through socialization/enculturation 85 As we share our culture with other, we were able to pass it on to the new members of society or the younger generation in different ways.

84. 7. Requires language and other forms of communication 86 In the process of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to communicate with others in society.

85. 1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive 2. Shared and may be Challenged 3 . Learned through socialization and enculturation 4 . Patterned social interactions 5. INTEGRATED 6 . Transmitted through socialization/enculturation 7 . Requires language and other forms of communication 87

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87. Orientations in Viewing Other Cultures

88. Ethnocentrism 90 is the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.

89. Ethnocentrism 91 Each group nourishes its own pride and vanity, boasts itself superior, exalts its own divinities, and looks with contempt on outsiders.

90. Ethnocentrism 92 Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one’s own culture .