Definition, elements, types, and genres of poetry

An Assignment of Extensive Reading Class: PPT of Poetry

1. POETRY GROUP 6 (B) Rabiatul Hamidah (A1B214041) Rizki Amalia (A1B214049)

2. DEFINITION OF POETRY Poetry is a form of writing that uses not only words, but also form, patterns of sound, imagery, and figurative language to convey the message.

3. ELEMENTS OF POETRY Rhythm Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Stanzas Imagery Diction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry

4. Rhythm Rhythm is a literary device which demonstrates the long and short patterns through stressed and unstressed syllables particularly in verse form. Rhythm in writing acts as beat does in music. The use of rhythm in poetry arises from the need that some words are to be produced more strongly than others. They might be stressed for longer period of time. Example: Two   house holds, both a like  in  dig nity, In  fair  Ve rona , where we lay our scene, From  an cient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star- cross’d lovers take their life; (Romeo Juliet by Shakespeare) http://literarydevices.net/rhythm/

5. R hyme A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounding words occurring at the end of lines in poems or songs. A rhyme is a tool utilizing repeating patterns that brings rhythm or musicality in poems which differentiate them from prose which is plain. A rhyme is employed for the specific purpose of rendering a pleasing effect to a poem which makes its recital an enjoyable experience. Example: Humpty Dumpty sat on a  wall , Humpty Dumpty had a great  fall . All the King’s horses, And all the King’s  men Couldn’t put Humpty together  again ! http://literarydevices.net/rhyme/

6. Alliteration Alliteration is derived from Latin’s “ Latira ”. It means “letters of alphabet”. It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. Example: From Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner ” “The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.” In the above lines we see alliteration (“b”, “f” and “s”) in the phrases “breeze blew”, “foam flew”, “furrow followed”, and “silent sea”. http://literarydevices.net/alliteration/

7. Assonance Assonance takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. Assonance is primarily used in poetry in order to add rhythm and music, by adding an internal rhyme to a poem. Example: William Wordsworth employs assonance to create an internal rhyme in his poem “Daffodils”: “I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o‘er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A h o st, of g o lden daff o dils; Beside the lake, ben ea th the tr ee s, Fluttering and dancing in the br ee ze…” http://literarydevices.net/assonance/

8. Stanzas In poetry, a stanza is a division of four or more lines having a fixed length, meter or rhyming scheme. Stanza divides a poem in such a way that does not harm its balance but rather it adds to the beauty to the symmetry of a poem. Moreover, it allows poets to shift their moods and present different subject matters in their poems . Traditional English language poems have the following kinds of stanzas: Couplet Tercet Quatrain Quintain Sestet http://literarydevices.net/stanza/

9. Couplet : It consists of two rhyming lines having the same  meter. Tercet : A tercet comprises three lines following a same rhyming scheme  a a a  or have a rhyming pattern  a b a . Sir Thomas Wyatt introduced tercet in 16th century . Quatrain : It is a form of stanza popularized by a Persian poet, Omar Khayyam, who called it a Rubai . It has common rhyming schemes  a a a a , a a b b , a b a b . Quintain : Quintain also referred to as cinquain is a stanza of five lines which may be rhymed or unrhymed and has a typical stress pattern. Its invention is attributed to Crapsey . Sestet : Sestet  is a kind of stanza that consists of six lines. It is the second division of Italian or sonnets of Petrarch following an octave or the first division comprising eight lines . http://literarydevices.net/stanza/

10. Imagery Imagery  means to use figurative language  to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses . Example: Imagery of light and darkness is repeated many times in Shakespeare’s “ Romeo and Juliet ” “O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright! It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night Like a rich jewel in an Ethiope’s ear;” Romeo praises Juliet by saying that she appears more radiant than the brightly lit torches in the hall. He says that at night her face glows like a bright jewel shining against the dark skin of an African. Through the contrasting images of light and dark, Romeo portrays Juliet’s beauty. http://literarydevices.net/imagery/

11. Diction Diction can be defined as style of speaking or writing determined by the choice of words by a speaker or a writer . Example: Keats  in his “Ode to the Grecian Urn” uses formal diction to achieve a certain effect. He goes: “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter: therefore, ye soft pipes, play on” Notice the use of formal “ye” instead of informal “you”. The formality here is due to the respect the urn inspires in Keats. In the same poem he says: “Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed Your leaves, nor ever bid the spring adieu.” It is more formal to use “adieu” than to say “goodbye”. http://literarydevices.net/diction/

12. TYPES OF POETRY Sonnet Villanelle Haiku Limerick https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry Ode Epic Poetry Elegy Epitaph Free verse Ballad

13. Sonnet The word sonnet is derived from the Italian word “ sonetto ”. It means a small or little song or lyric. In poetry, a sonnet has 14 fourteen. Each line has 10 syllables. It has a specific rhyme scheme. Generally, sonnets are divided into different groups based on the rhyme scheme they follow. The rhymes of a sonnet are arranged according to a certain rhyme scheme. The rhyme scheme in English is usually abab-cdcd-efef-gg . http://literarydevices.net/sonnet/

14. Example:

15. Villanelle It is defined as a poetic device which requires a poem to have 19 lines and a fixed form. It has five tercets (first 15 lines), a quatrain (last four lines), and a couplet at the end of the quatrain. http://literarydevices.net/Villanelle/

16. Haiku A haiku poem has three lines, where the first and last lines have five moras , while the middle line has seven. The pattern in Japanese genre is 5-7-5. The mora is another name of a sound unit, which is like a syllable, but it is different from a syllable. As the moras cannot be translated into English, they are modified and syllables are used instead. The lines of such poems rarely rhyme with each other . Example: Old pond a frog jumps the sound of water ( Old Pond  by Basho) http://literarydevices.net/haiku/

17. Ode Ode is a literary technique that is lyrical in nature , but not very lengthy. You have often read odes in which poets praise people, natural scenes, and abstract ideas. It is highly solemn and serious in its tone and subject matter, and usually is used with elaborate patterns of stanzas. However, the tone is often formal . Example: Row after row with strict impunity The headstones yield their names to the element, The wind whirrs without recollection; In the riven troughs the splayed leaves Pile up, of nature the casual sacramen To the seasonal eternity of death… ( Ode to the Confederate Dead   by Allen Tate ) http://literarydevices.net/ode/

18. Epic Epic  – It is a form of poem, often written in blank verse, lengthy in size in which poet shows protagonist in action of historical significance or great mythic . Example: Come slowly, Eden Lips unused to thee. Bashful, sip thy jasmines, As the fainting bee, Reaching late his flower, Round her chamber hums, Counts his nectars—alights, And is lost in balms! (Come Slowly, Eden by Emily Dickinson) http://literarydevices.net/free-verse/

19. Elegy   A melancholic poem in which poet laments the death of a subject, however, consoles towards the end is called elegy . http://literarydevices.net/elegy/ Example ----------------- 

20. Epitaph Epitaph  – A small poem used as an inscription on tombstone of dead person . Example: http:// literarydevices.net/epitaph/

21. Free verse Free Verse  – It consists of non-rhyming lines, without any metrical pattern, but follows a natural rhythm . Example: Come slowly, Eden Lips unused to thee. Bashful, sip thy jasmines, As the fainting bee, Reaching late his flower, Round her chamber hums, Counts his nectars—alights, And is lost in balms! ( Come Slowly, Eden  by Emily Dickinson) http:// literarydevices.net/freeverse/

22. Ballad Ballad  – It is a type of narrative poem narrates a story, often talks about folk or legendary tales. It may take a form of moral lesson or a song . Example: “Tam Lin”  is an example of a popular (traditional) ballad. ‘O I forbid you, maiden all, That wears gold in your hair, To come or go by Carterhaugh For young Tam Lin is there. http:// literarydevices.net/ballad/

23. Limerick Limerick  – This is a type of humorous poem with five anapestic lines in which first, second and fifth lines have three feet and third and fourth have two feet with a strict rhyme scheme of aabba . Example: There was a young lady of station “I love man” was her sole exclamation But when men cried, “You flatter” She replied, “Oh! no matter Isle of Man is the true explanation. (From To Miss Vera Beringer by Lewis Carroll) http:// literarydevices.net/limerick/

24. KINDS (GENRES) OF POETRY Narrative poetry Dramatic poetry Lyrical poetry https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry

25. Narrative Poetry A Poem that tells a story, and has the elements of a story. Often Narrative poems have a rhyme scheme. “The Raven” -Edgar Allen Poe

26. Dramatic Poetry A poem where the speaker is someone other then the poet themselves. A Dramatic poem often includes characters and dialogue. A Dramatic Monologue is often from a fictional character’s point of view. “Meeting At Night” By Robert Browning

27. Lyrical Poetry “Be Still my Beating Heart” - Sting “Winter” -Shakespeare Expresses emotions, appeals to your senses, and often could be set to music.