Delusions

delusions, for p

1. De Jessica Macari lus io ns

2. Delusional Misidentification Syndromes Inability to register the identity of something: an object, event, place or person. Due to malfunctioned familiarity processing during information processing

3. Capgras delusion Delusional belief that a friend, family member, etc. has been replaced by a twin impostor Most common While they may look and act just like the real person, some essence of the person is missing, almost as though "the soul of the person isn't in there,“ ( Being John Malkovich )

4. Visual route (visual cortex) and affective route (limbic system)  face recognition Maladaptive function of the hypersensitive amygdala : creates a feeling too strongly suspicious to be rejected Capgras delusion

5. Case of Sylvie G. Believed that her husband was transformed before her eyes into different people Continually felt as though people she knew were replaced by other people Sylvie looked at the shoes and feet of those she suspected were fakes, and would use that as an indicator. She also thought her hens were replaced by older ones; she even struggled with believing her coat was the same one she’d always had. Courbon and Tusques (French neuropsychiatrists)

6. Prosopagnosia Inability to recognize familiar faces Cannot match the face to the person it belongs to Individuals know the face, but elicits no emotional response. Dysfunction in the fusiform gyrus of the brain, the part where color and facial recognition is centered

7. Reduplicative Paramnesia An individual believes a place or location has been duplicated, existing in two or more places simultaneously

8. Reduplicative Paramnesia RS, a 71 year old man, no previous brain damage or history of schizophrenia Insisted his home was not his "real" house, yet recognized his family Noticed similarities, but still believed the house was fake Remarked on how striking it was that the owners of this house had the same ornaments as he had in "his" house and on what a coincidence it was that there were similar items beside the bed as there were in "his" house. At interviews, RS continued to insist that there were two "Riverside Avenues“ A few days later he believed he returned to his ‘real home’

9. Intermetamorphosis When a patient confuses the identities of familiar people or feels that they are being mistaken for someone else. Courbon and Tusques coined the term to describe the illusion where things/people suddenly change into something or someone else.

10. Fregoli delusion A delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person (well known to the victim) who changes appearance or is in disguise Interior of the person is different Form of persecution (Courbon and Fail)

11. The condition is named after the Italian actor Leopoldo Fregoli who was renowned for his ability to make quick changes of appearance during his stage act. Famous for his impersonations. History

12. Fregoli Case 35 year old woman, divorced, unemployed Diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia, stopped medication Suffered grandiose delusions of actors who she thought were her friends Believed she was the girlfriend of a famous actor Erik Estrada who was always visiting her home, disguised as other people Scored borderline impaired on the Benton Test

13. Mirrored-self misidentification Belief that one's reflection in a mirror is some other person who is following them around

14. Patient FE 87 year old male, married with 2 children, no history of schizophrenia Began having nocturnal hallucinations He started not being able to recognize himself in the mirror He thought the mirror image was a stranger Had knowledge about mirrors and understood what reflections were. Later on, he was unable to recognize his wife’s reflection, said: “I have met the stranger’s wife, seen her. I don’t think she talks, either”

15. Syndrome of subjective doubles  Delusion that person has a double or doppelgänger   Same appearance, but usually with different character traits and leading a life of its own. Sometimes the patient has the idea that there is more than one double

16. Reverse subjective doubles When one believes an impostor is taking over their body Misidentification of the self In the process of being replaced

17. Bodily Delusions

18. Cotard delusion a disorder where the individual believes They are dead(either figuratively or literally) Do not exist Are putrefying Have lost their blood or internal organs Delusions of immortality Feelings of unreality

19.  Named after Jules Cotard, a French neurologist who first described the condition Mostly occurs from brain damage to the right cerebral hemisphere, which deals with the expression of visual, facial, and verbal emotion as well as body-image. Usually accompanied by other delusions Cotard Delusion

20. RB Case 61 year old man with a schizophrenic wife Became depressed and overdosed, following surgery Believed he had been dead for a week Said he wasn’t on earth but was somewhere between heaven and hell “Anxious agitation” He was deeply distressed, unable to lie or sit for a long time Electro-convulsive therapy was used, and his beliefs ceased

21. Somatoparaphrenia When an individual denies ownership of a limb, or part of their body Sometimes believes that the limb belongs to someone else Related to body integrity identity disorder (BIID) May cause the person to desire amputation

22. Breen, Nora, Diana Caine , and Max Coltheart . "Mirrored-self Misidentification: Two Cases of Focal Onset Dementia." Neurocase 7.3 (2001): 239-54. Print. Duchaine , Bradley, and Ken Nakayama. "Developmental Prosopagnosia and the Benton Facial Recognition Test." AAN Enterprises . Print. Feinberg, T., and D. Roane. "Delusional Misidentification." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 28.3 (2005): 665-83. Print. Kapur , N., A. Turner, and C. King. "Reduplicative Paramnesia : Possible Anatomical and Neuropsychological Mechanisms." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 51.4 (1988): 579-81. Print. Parkin , Alan J. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Memory . Hove, England: Psychology, 1997. Print. Rugg , M. D. Cognitive Neuroscience . Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1997. Print.