Demographic Trends in Indian Population.ppt

Chapter on Demography, its various indicators and formulas

1. DEMOGRAPHY

2. CONTENTS
•Introduction & Definition
•Demographic transition (Demographic cycle)
•Epidemiological transition
•Demographic trends

3. INTRODUCTION
Demography is scientific study of human population.
It focusses on –a) changes in population size
b) the composition of the population
c) the distribution of the population in space
Depends on
1.Size : total number of persons in given population.
2.Distribution :Arrangement of entire populationwith respect
to the geographical areas at a given point of time.

4. 3.Composition : Distribution of given population
with respect to age and sex.
4.Change : Increase or decrease in the size of the
given population due to fertility, mortality and
migration.
Contd.,

5. DEFINITION
“Scientific study of composition and
distribution of human population and
changes in its size and composition over
different time periods”
5

6. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
1.Census
2. Vital Events Registers
3. Surveys
4. Sample Registration System

7. DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION
The demographic transition
framework illustrates
population growth in terms of
discrepancies and changes in
two crude vital rates –
mortality and fertility
7

9. Demographic Transition Model
Pre Transition (Stage 1)
-high birth and death rates, -small population growth
-disease/malnutrition = high infant mortality rates, -low life expectancy, -
common in some developing nations
Early Transition (Stage 2)
-high birth rates / low death rates, -population EXPLOSION!
-death rates fall due to medical advance, vaccine/sewage/ drinking water
systems), -most developed countries reached this stage during the 1800’s
Middle Transition (Stage 3)
-low death rates / rapidly declining birth rates, -social programs,
industrialization and urbanization eliminate need for large families
Late Transition (Stage 4)
-rates of natural increase have stabilized, -low birth and death rates = low
growth, -changing role of women + family planning
Future Transition (Stage 5)
-birth rate drops below death rate, -long life expectancy

10. Population Pyramids
Early Expanding
-wide base (high birth rate)
-decrease towards the top (very short life
expectancy)
-few, if any countries are currently classified in the
early expanding stage
-note the date is 1985!

11. Expanding
-very wide base (high birth rate)
-the cohort groups begin to
enlarge or increase towards the
middle of pyramid
-this widening comes from:
improved medical care, modern
hygiene and improved diets.
-results in a decreased death rate
Contd.,

12. Stable
-birth rate falls because of
changing attitudes towards
family and family sizes
-education, changing societal
attitudes and economic factors
can cause this decline
-medical care continues to
improve so the death rate
continues to fall
Contd.,

13. declining
-birth rate reaches very low levels
(women employed in workforce, child-
rearing is expensive, contraceptive
programs are successful, small families
are encouraged by the state)
-death rate continues to decrease
-life expectancy rises.
Contd.,

14. Demographic trends in
World

15. HIGHLIGHTS IN WORLD POPULATION GROWTH
1 billion in 1804
3billion in
1960 (33
years later)
5billion in 1987 (13
years later)
2billion in 1927
(123 years
later)
4billion in
1974 (14
years later)
6billion in 1999 (12
years later)
15

18. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN INDIA
•India’s population has been steadily rising since 1921.
•Theyear1921iscalled‘BIGDIVIDE’becausetheabsolutenumberof
peopleaddedtothepopulationduringeachdecadehasbeenonthe
risesince1921.

19. •Current Population Of
India
1,634,235,633,784
•Population Density of
India
431.11 persons per square kilometer
•Age structure
0 to 14 years 25.8%
15 to 64 years 67.45%
65 years and over
6.78%

20. Population growth rate1.00%
Birth rate 17.23 births/1,000 population
Death rate 7.34 deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate -0.342 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Infant mortality rate
Total 27 deaths/1,000 live births

22. CHANGES IN POPULATION PYRAMIDS OVER TIME IN INDIA (1971-2016)
SOURCE: TECHNICAL GROUP ON POPULATION PROJECTIONS
REGISTRAR GENERAL OF INDIA, 1996

23. BIRTH AND DEATH RATES
•India’sbirthratehasdeclineddrasticallyfrom36.9in1971to20.0in2018.
•Thebirthrateishigherinruralareascomparedtourbanareas.
•Bihar(26.2)atthetopoflist,whileAndamanandNicobar(11.2)isatthebottom.
•ThedeathrateofIndiahaswitnessedadeclinefrom14.9in1971to6.2in2018.
•Thedeclinehasbeensteeperinruralareas.
•Chhattisgarhhasthehighestdeathrateat8andDelhi,hasthelowestdeathrateof3.3.

24. Withimprovementinmaternalandchildhealthservices,
successfulimplementationoftheexpandedprogramme
onimmunization,diarrhoealdiseaseandacuterespiratory
infectioncontrolprogrammes,aswellaswiththecontrol
ofotherinfectiousdiseases,therehasbeenamarked
reductionininfantandchildmortalityrates,whichare
reflectedinthedecliningcrudedeathrates.

25. SEX RATIO
SEX RATIO = No of females
1000 males
Alowsexratioindicatesstrongmalechildpreferenceand
consequentgenderinequities,neglectofthegirlchild
resultinginhighermortalityatyoungerage,female
infanticide,femalefeticide,highermaternalmortalityandmale
bias
Total-940 (census 2011)
•Rural-881
•Urban-895

26. YEAR FEMALES PER
1000 MALES
1901 972
1911 964
1921 955
1931 950
1941 945
1951 946
1961 941
1971 930
1981 934
1991 927
2005 939 2011 940 (CENSUS
2011)
Sex ratio in India

28. SEX RATIO AT BIRTH
•The Sex ratio at birth is defined as the number of female
births per 1000 male birth.

29. DEPENDENCY RATIO
TOTAL DEPENDENCY RATIO = 0–14
yrs+ 65 yrs& above
15 –64 yrs
(also referred to as SOCIETAL
DEPENDENCY RATIO)

30. In 2020, total dependency ratio for India was 48.7
Total dependency ratio of India fell gradually from
79 in 1971 to 48.7 in 2020.

31. •Youngagedependencyratio
•Oldagedependencyratio
•Therapiddeclineindependencyratios,especiallythechild
dependencyratio,hasbeendefinedtobeakeyfactorunderlying
rapideconomicdevelopment.
•Thetermdemographicbonusdenotestheperiodwhenthe
dependencyratioinapopulationdeclinesbecauseofdeclinein
fertility,untilitstartstoriseagainbecauseofincreasinglongevity
•Thetermdemographicburdenisusedtodenotetheincreasein
totaldependencyratioduringanyperiodoftime,mostlycaused
byincreasedoldagedependencyratio

32. DEPENDENCY RATIO

33. DENSITY OF POPULATION
DENSITY OF POPULATION =
No. of persons
sq. km
•POPULATION DENSITY
INDIA-431/Sq.Km

34. URBANIZATION
•Definition of an urban locality
•Proportion of urban population in
India
•1901 : 10.84%
•1991 : 25.72%
•2001 : 27.80%
•2022 : 35.9%
•Factors attributed to urbanization:
•Natural growth (through births)
•Migration from villages for employment
•Attraction of better living conditions
•Availability of social services

35. FAMILY SIZE
Itisthetotalnoofchildrena
womanhasbornatagivenpoint
oftime.
•Completedfamilysizeindicates
thetotalnumberofchildrenborn
byawomanduringherchild
bearingage(15–45yrs)
•Factorsaffectingfamilysize:
•Durationofmarriage
•Educationofcouples
•No.oflivebirths&living
children
•Preferenceformalechildren
•Importanceoffamilysize-FP

36. LITERACY AND EDUCATION
•In1948,theDeclarationofHumanRightsstatedthateveryonehas
arighttoeducation
•Crucialelementineconomicandsocialdevelopment
•Spreadofliteracyisassociatedwithmodernization,urbanization,
industrialization,communicationandcommerce
•In1991census,itwasdecidedtousethetermliteracyrateforthe
populationrelatingto7yearsandabove

37. LITERACY & EDUCATION
•A person is deemed literate if he/she
can read & write with understanding in
any language.
•Clear difference b/w males & females.
•Literacy rates in India
•Males : 82.14%
•Females : 65.46%
•Total : 74.04% (Census 2011)
•Govt. of India has made education
compulsory till the age of 14 in the
country.
•Crude literacy rate & Effective literacy rate

39. LIFE EXPECTANCY
•Lifeexpectancyorexpectationoflifeatagivenageisaverage
numberofyearswhichapersonofthatagemayexpecttolive
accordingtothemortalitypatternprevalentinthatcountry.
•Demographyconsidersitasoneofthebestindicatorsofcountry’s
levelofdevelopment.

40. •Lifeexpectancyatbirthhascontinuedtoincreasegloballyovertheyears
•In1950–1955,thecombinedlifeexpectancyatbirthforbothsexeswas
46.5years
•In2008,itwas69years,anincreaseof22.5years
•Mostcountriesintheworldexhibitasexdifferentialinmortalityfavouring
women–femaleslivelongerthanmales
•Trendsinlifeexpectancyshowthatpeoplearelivinglongerandthehavea
righttoalonglifeingoodhealth
•Healthpolicymakersneedtorecognizethischangingdemographicpattern
andplanforpreventionandcontrolofdiseasesassociatedwitholdage

41. •ThecurrentlifeexpectancyforIndiain2022is70.19yearswhichisa
0.33%increasefrom2021.
•In1950,threeyearsafterthecountrygainedindependence,thelife
expectancystoodat35.21years.
•Althoughitslifeexpectancyislowerthanitscomparatorsinthe
middle-incomerange,namely,SriLanka(77.39years),Brazil(76.37
years),China(77.3years)andCostaRica(80.75years),thegainsin
India’slifeexpectancyhavedefinitelybeennoteworthy.
•Duetoimprovementsinhealthcarefacilitiesandavailability,therehave
beensignificantenhancementsininfantandchildmortalityalongwith
maternalmortality.
•Allofthesehavecontributedtothegainsinthelongevityoflifein
India.

42. WISH YOU ALL
HAPPY POPULATION DAY
(JULY 11
th)
"Everyone Counts"

43. Thank You