demography.pptx bsc nursing 4th yr community health nursing

Bsc nursing

1. Demography Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It encompasses the study of the size, structure and distribution of these populations and spatial and temporal changes in them in response to time, birth, migration, aging and death. Demography (literally, writing about the people, from the Greek demos [people] and graphos [writing]) is the statistical study of human populations with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics . Demographic statistics provide information about significant characteristics of a population that influence community needs and the delivery of health care services.

2. Definitions It is the study of population in terms of density and distribution such as age, gender, race, occupation etc.. It studies the birth,death,age patterns and diseases in a community by which statistical information can be obtained

3. DEMOGRAPHY THE WORD DEMOGRAPHY WAS FIRST USED BY Achilles in 1855 and tha actual founder of the demography was John Graunt . Demography includes the changes which are occuring over time and place.it studies both the aspect of human population ie,quantitative and qualitative.

4. Quantitative aspects Composition Size Disribution Movement Density Structure Growth

5. Qualitative aspects Education Development Wealth Social class Crime Nutrition

6. Scope of demography 1)Demography helps us in understanding the population in relation to age and sex composition, dependency and independency ratio, concentration of population , the size of population, education,occupation,age and duration of marriage

7. Cont … 2)The type of data helps the planners to forecast health and educational needs. 3)Demography preserves the cultural minority group. 4)Demography is oftenly regarded as the branch of anthropology, economics or sociology. 50researches on demography is conducted in universities in research institutes as well as in statistical departments

8. ASPECTS OF DEMOGRAPHY COMPOSITION OF POPULATION DENSITY OF POPULATION URBANISATION LITERACY AND EDUCATION EXPECTATION OF LIFE

9. Types of demography

10. The history of the census began in1800 when England had begun its census . • Based on this methodology, a census was conducted in some towns and provinces of British India . • The first census of India began in 1871 but, the modern census started in 1881 . • Since then the census of India has provided uninterrupted counts of population for every ten years.

11. Demographic trends in India

12. Demographic trends in India [1 ] DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS [ 2] AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION [3] AGE PYRAMIDS [ 4] SEX RATIO [5] DEPENDENCY RATIO [ 6] DENSITY OF POPULATION [ 7] URBANIZATION 8 ] FAMILY SIZE [ 9] LITERACY AND EDUCATION [ 10] LIFE EXPECTANCY 

13. DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS Provide an overview of its population size, composition, territorial distribution, changes therein and the components of changes such as nativity, mortality and social mobility. They are divide in to two parts :- POPULATION STATISTICS Population size, sex, ratio ,density ,dependency and ratio VITAL STATISTICS Birth Rate, Death Rate,, Natural Growth Rate Life Expectancy ,Mortality And Fertility Rates

14. Population size: India is the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.277 billion people. (2015) • Seventh largest in land area . • With only 2.4% of world’s land area, India is supporting about 17.5% of the world’s population. • India’s population has been steadily increasing since 1921. • The year 1921 is called the “BIG DIVIDE”. • India’s population is currently increasing at the rate of 16 million each year . • It has been estimated that with current trends, the population In India will increase to 1.4 billion till 2026.

15. AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION • AGE PYRAMID: Represents age structure of a population. • The age pyramid of India is typical of developing countries i.e. with a “broad base” and “tapering top”. TAPERING TOP BROAD BASE .

16. SEX RATIO • Is defined as “the number of females per 1000 males”. • It plays a vital role in any population analysis study. • The sex composition is affected by the differentials in mortality conditions of males and females; sex selective migration and sex ratio at birth.

17. The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to women, i.e., the number of women per 1,000 men has generally been less than 1,000. Apart from being adverse to women, the sex ratio has also declined over the decades. Current Sex Ratio in India 2016 944 females for every 1,000 males Sex Ratio in India (Yearly) 943 (2015 ), 942 (2014), 941 (2013), 940 (2012 ) Total No. of Males in India 668,760,678 (668 million - Jan, 2016) Total No. of Females in India 626,283,237 (626 million - Jan, 2016) Sex ratio at birth : Sex ratio at birth can be affected by sex- selectivity at birth. The sex ratio at birth for India for the period 2011 has been estimated at 878. It varies from 871 in rural areas to 891 in urban areas. 49 Kerala with 1084 females for every 1000 males has the highest sex ratio according to Census of IndiaAccording to Census of India, the child sex ratio (0-6 years) in India is one of the poorest

18. DEPENDENCY RATIO   The proportion of persons above 65 years of age and Children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent on the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 55 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio . It is also referred to as the societal dependency ratio and reflects the need for a society to provide for their younger and older population groups In 2010 total dependency-54,child dependency-45,Old age dependency-9.

19. The dependency ratio can be subdivided into [1] young age dependency ratio (0-14 years) [2] old age dependency ratio (65 years and more). These ratios are, however, relatively crude, since they do not take into consideration elderly or young persons who are employed or working age persons who are unemployed.

20.   DENSITY OF POPULATION One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. In the Indian census, density is defined as the number of persons , living per square kilometre . For the year 2014,the density of population per sq km in India was 394.

21. URBANIZATION Urban population is the number of persons residing in urban localities. The definition of urban locality varies from country to country.  In Indian context, the urban areas are the towns. In absolute terms, the urban population in India was projected to be 385 million in 2011 as compared to 217.17 million in 1991 . The increase in urban population has been attributed both to natural growth and migration from villages.

22. Family size While in common parlance, family size refers to the total number of persons in a family, in demography, family size means the total number of children a woman has born at a point in time . The completed family size indicates the total number of children born by a woman during her child- bearing age, which is generally assumed to be between 15 and 45 years. The total fertility rate gives the approximate magnitude of the completed family size . The total fertility rate gives the approximate magnitude of complete family size.

23. The family size depends upon numerous factors, viz duration of marriage, education of the couple, the number of live births and living children, preference of male children. desired family size, etc.

24.   LITERACY AND EDUCATION • Spread of literacy is generally associated with modernization . • It was decided in 1991 census to use the term literacy rate for the population relating to seven years age and above. • A person who can merely read but cannot write is not considered literate. • The literacy rate taking in account the total population in the denominator has now been termed as “ crude literacy rate”. • The literacy rate calculated taking into account the 7years and above population in the denominator is called effective literacy rate. In India Kerala occupies the top rank with 93.91% literacy rate. Lakshadweep 92.28% Mizoram 91.58%

25. Life expectancy Life expectancy - or expectation of life - at a given age is the average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country . Demographers consider it as one of the best indicators of a country's level of development and of the overall health status of its population . Expectation of life at birth – World (Combined for both sexes) 1950 : 46.5 years 2002 : 63 years • Census 2011:The value for Life expectancy at birth, total (years) in India was 65.48 as of 2011.

26. Rates and ratios Demographic rates and ratios

27. Tools of measurement Rate measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time. It indicates the change in some event that take place in a population over a period of time like death rate or birth rate . A  ratio is a relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number contains the second . PROPORTION • Is a ratio which indicates the relation in magnitude of a part of the whole. • Numerator is always included in denominator. • Usually expressed as % ge . • Measurement of the size of a part out of the whole, usually the whole taken as 100. If the fraction is too small, the base can be 1000 or any 10x.

28. CATEGORIES OF RATE • CRUDE RATE Actual observed birth or death rates • SPECIFIC RATES (actual observed cases) • STANDARDIZED RATE(obtained by standardisation or adjustment)

29. Measurements of morbidity Morbidity means deviation from normal state of phyiological well being Morbidity is measured in terms of frequency,duration and severity.

30. FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS  FERTILITY is meant the actual bearing of children  Other name – natality  Fertility may be measured by number of indicators are as follows:-

31. 1.BIRTH RATE 2 . GENERAL FERTILITY RATE 3. GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE 4 . AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE 5. AGE SPECIFIC MARITAL FERTILITY RATE 6 . TOTAL FERTILITY RATE 7 . TOTAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE   8. GROSS REPRODUCTION RATE 9. NET REPRODUCTION RATE 10 . CHILD WOMEN RATIO 11 . PREGNANCY RATE 12. ABORTION RATE 13 . ABORTION RATIO 14 . MARRIAGE RATe

32. 1]BIRTH RATE The number of live births per 1000 estimated mid year population, in a given year. 71 number of live births During the year X 1,000Estimated mid-year population 2 ] GENERAL FERTILITY RATE [GFR] The number of live births per 1000 women in the reproductive age group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year. 72 number of live births in an area during the year X 1,000Mid year female population age 15-44(or 49) in the same area in same year [3 ] GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE [GMFR] The number of live births per 1000 married women in the reproductive age group (15-44 or 49 years) in a given year. 73 number of live births in a year X 1,000Mid -year married female population age 15-44(or 49) [4 ] AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE [ASFR] The number of live births in a year to 1000 women in any specified age-group. 74 number of live births in a particular age group X 1,000Mid -year female population of the same age group

33. 5] AGE –SPECIFIC MARITAL FERTILITY RATE [ASMFR] The number of live births in a year to 1000 married women in any specified age-group. 75 number of live births in a particular age group X 1,000Mid -year married female population of the same age group [6 ] TOTAL FERTILITY RATE[TFR] The number of children who would be born per woman (or per 1,000 women) if she/they were to pass through the childbearing years bearing children according to a current schedule of age-specific fertility rates. (45-49) TFR = 5 × ∑ ASFR (15-19) 1000 [7 ] TOTAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE [TMFR] Average number of children that would be born to a married women if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span. (45-49) TFR = 5 × ∑ ASMFR (15-19) 1000

34. 8]GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE [GRR] Average number of girls that would be born to a women if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span 9(15-44 OR 49), assuming no mortality. (45-49) TFR = 5 × ∑ ASMFR for female live births (15-19) 1000 [9]NET REPRODUCTION RATE [NRR] Number of daughters a newborn girl will bear during her lifetime assuming fixed age – specific fertility and mortality rates. [10 ] CHILD WOMEN RATIO [CWR] Number of children 0 – 4 years of age per 1000 women of child bearing age, usually defined as 15-44 or 49 years age. [11 ] PREGNANCY RATE It is the ratio of no. of pregnancies in a year to a married women in the ages 15-44 (or 49 years). [12 ] ABORTION RATE The annual no. of all types of abortions, usually per 1000 women of child bearing age usually 15-44 years.