demography trends in India with population explosion.pptx

demography trends in India with population explosion

1. Define population explosion. What are the demographic trends in India? What measures do you suggest for the control of population explosion?

2. Introduction

3. What are the demographic trends in India?

4. Population pyramid 1390 million (end 2020)

5. Sex Ratio Sex ratio is defined as "the number of females per 1000 males". One of the basic demographic characteristics of the population is the sex composition. A low sex ratio indicates strong male- child preference and consequent gender inequities Neglect of the girl child resulting in higher mortality at younger age, female infanticide, female foeticide , higher maternal mortality and male bias in enumeration of population Easy availability of the sex determination tests and abortion services

6. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

7. Dependency ratio Proportion of persons above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are dependant on the economically productive age group (15-64 years). The ratio of the combined age groups 0-14 years plus 6 5 years and above to the 1 5 - 6 5 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio. Total dependency ration : 48.736%

8. Density of population

9. Urbanization The urban areas are the "Towns (places with municipal corporation, municipal area committee, town committee, notified area committee or cantonment board); also, all places having 5,000 or more inhabitants, a density of not less than 1,000 persons per square mile or 390 per square kilometre.

10. Literacy and education A person is deemed as literate if he or she can read and write with understanding in any language. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not considered literate. High literacy states Kerala, Mizoram Low literacy states Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh

11. Life Expectancy The average number of years which a person of that age may expect to live, according to the mortality pattern prevalent in that country.

12. What measures do you suggest for the control of population explosion? Promote Family Planning and Contraceptive Use Awareness Campaigns: Increase public awareness about family planning options and reproductive health through media campaigns, community outreach, and education programs. Access to Contraceptives: Provide easier access to affordable and diverse contraceptive methods, especially in rural areas where healthcare infrastructure might be weaker. Incentives for Small Families: Governments can offer incentives, such as tax benefits or subsidies, to families that opt for fewer children

13. Improve Female Education and Empowerment Education for Girls: Increasing female literacy and educational opportunities has been shown to lower birth rates, as educated women tend to marry later and have fewer children. Employment Opportunities for Women: Promoting gender equality in the workforce can help women delay marriage and childbearing, while also contributing economically. Gender Equity in Decision-Making: Encourage gender equity in decision-making at household and societal levels, ensuring that women have autonomy over their reproductive choices.

14. Address Cultural and Religious Influences Engage with Community Leaders: Collaborating with religious, cultural, and local leaders can help address societal norms and taboos regarding family planning. Cultural Sensitivity: Design family planning programs that respect cultural values while promoting the benefits of smaller families.

15. Encourage Later Marriages Raise Minimum Marriage Age: Enforcing laws that prevent early marriage can help reduce fertility rates. Delaying marriage often leads to delayed childbearing. Educate About the Benefits: Public education campaigns can promote the benefits of marrying later in life, both for economic and health reasons.

16. Improve Healthcare Infrastructure Maternal and Child Healthcare Services: Strengthen healthcare services, especially in rural areas, to provide maternal and child health care, including pre- and post-natal services, immunization, and education on healthy child spacing. Access to Safe Abortions: Ensuring access to safe and legal abortion services can prevent unsafe abortions and reduce maternal mortality.

17. Economic Incentives Economic Disincentives for Large Families: Governments can introduce policies that provide economic disincentives for families that choose to have more children, such as reducing certain subsidies or welfare benefits after a certain number of children. Linking Welfare to Family Size: Linking social welfare programs like food subsidies, housing, and education scholarships to family size can also encourage smaller families.

18. Urbanization and Development Economic Development: Economic development often leads to a natural decline in birth rates, as people move from agricultural economies (where more children are seen as labor) to urbanized, industrial economies where children become more of a financial responsibility. Better Urban Planning: Encourage well-planned urbanization with accessible family planning services, educational facilities, and employment opportunities.

19. Government Policies National Population Policy: Implement and promote population control policies at the national level. India's current policy, while promoting voluntary family planning, could be further strengthened through targeted programs. Two-Child Norm: While controversial, some regions or sectors (like government jobs) can adopt a two-child norm for eligibility for benefits or promotions.