Density Based Traffic signal system using microcontroller

Controlling the density based traffic system using microcontoller using atmega 32A

1. DENSITY BASED TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEM USING
MICROCONTROLLER

A Report in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for The Award of the
Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Electronics and Communication Engineering)

To
DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW-160014



SUBMITTED BY

KRITY KUMARI
ROLL NO. 1233331031




UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Mr. NAVEEN DUBEY
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
GHAZIABAD-201003

May, 2016

2. ii

DECLARATION

I ,Krity Kumari hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this report titled
“Density based Traffic Signal System Using Microcontroller” by me, in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) Degree in “Electronics and
Communication Engineering” at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology for Women, is an authentic record of my own work
carried out under supervision of Mr Naveen Dubey and Lab coordinator Praveen Kumar.


Date : Krity kumari Roll Number : 1233331031

3. iii



CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report titled “Density based traffic signal system using
microcontroller” submitted by krity kumari in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) Degree in “Electronics and Communication
Engineering” at Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel
Institute of Technology for Women, is an authentic record of work carried out by her under the
supervision of Mr. Naveen Dubey. The project has reached the standards of full filling the
requirement to award the degree.

Date: Mr. Naveen Dubey
(Assistant Professor)
(Project Guide)
Mr. Kunal Lala
(Assistant Professor)
(Project Coordinator)

Mrs. Reshu Gupta
(Head of Department) (External Examiner)


RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY FOR WOMEN
Ghaziabad-201013 (UP)
Affiliated to
DR. A.P.J ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

4. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of people whose ceaseless cooperation made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crown all efforts with success.
We are grateful to Mr. Naveen dubey, Ms. Reshu Gupta (HOD EC) and all the faculty members
of EC Department for their guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that helped us in
the preparation of this report. We are very thankful to our Lab Instructors Mr. Praveen Kumar,
Mr. Pyush Tyagi, Mr. Sanjay Sharma, Mr. Manoj Kumar and Mr. Vijay of EC Department for
their consistence help to complete this task on time.
We also thank our colleagues who have helped in successful completion of the project report.



Date : Krity kumari Roll Number : 1233331031

5. v

ABSTRACT
Nowadays, controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles
and also because of large time delays between traffic lights. So, in order to rectify this problem,
we will go for density based traffic lights system. This article explains you how to control the
traffic based on density.
In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to arrange one IR
sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road. All these
sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these sensors, controller detects the traffic
and controls the traffic system.

6. vi

Topic Page No.
Declaration ii
Certificate iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Contents vi
List of figures viii

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2
2.1 Study of several research paper 2
2.2 Problem definition 3
2.3 Objective 3
Chapter 3: HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

4
3.1 Block diagram 4
3.2Components required 4
3.2.1 Atmega32 4
3.2.1.1 Features 5

CONTENTS

7. vii

4.5 Simulation process 16
4.6 Proteus simulation of circuit 16
4.7 PCB designing process 18
Conclusion 20
Future scope and applications 21
References 22

3.3 IR sensor 8
3.3.1 Technical specification 8
3.4 Resistance 10
3.5 LED 10
Chapter 4: Software design and hardware results 12
4.1 Installing tools for c programming 12
4.2 Using an ICC AVR project 12
4.3 Creating an ICC AVR project 12
4.4 Compiling C code to HEX file 14

8. viii

Figure Caption Page No.
3.1 Block diagram of density based traffic system 4
3.2.1
3.3
Atmega 32 pin configuration
IR sensor
5
9
3.4 Resistances used 10
3.5 LED 11
4.3.1 The ICC AVR with project file open 13
4.4.1 Compiling code 14
4.4.2 Continued code 15
4.5 Output on proteus 17
4.7 Final layout of the project 19

9. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW , Ghaziabad
1

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A steady increase in metro-city population, the number of automobiles and cars increases rapidly
and metro traffic is growing crowded which leads to the traffic jam problem. Nowadays,
controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles and also
because of large time delays between traffic lights. So, in order to rectify this problem, we will go
for density based traffic lights system. This article explains you how to control the traffic based
on density. In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to
arrange one IR sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road.
All these sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these sensors, controller detects
the traffic and controls the traffic system.
The main heart of this traffic system is microcontroller. IR sensors are connected to the PORT C
(PC0, PC2, PC4, and PC6) of the microcontroller and traffic lights are connected to PORT A and
PORT B. If there is traffic on road then that particular sensor output becomes logic 0 otherwise
logic 1. By receiving these IR sensor outputs, we have to write the program to control the traffic
system. If you receive logic 0 from any of these sensors, we have to give the green signal to that
particular path and give red signal to all other paths. Here continuously we have to monitor the IR
sensors to check for the traffic. We have to place these IR pair in such a way that when we place
an obstacle in front of this IR pair, IR receiver should be able to receive the IR rays. When we
give the power, the transmitted IR rays hit the object and reflect back to the IR receiver. Instead
of traffic lights, you can use LEDs (RED, GREEN, YELLOW). In normal traffic system, you
have to glow the LEDs on time basis. If the traffic density is high on any particular path, then
glows green LED of that particular path and glows the red LEDs for remaining paths.

10. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
2

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 STUDY OF SEVERAL RESEARCH PAPERS
[1] K.Vidhya, A.Bazila Banu use the Density measurement by using open tool as software for
image processing by just displaying the various conversion of image in the screen and finally
surrounding the box on the vehicle in the given image, the number of vehicle is calculated. They
can calculate the density of the vehicle by using mat lab tool by comparing the four side of the
image which is given as a input. they can simulate the result of the four given input image but this
cannot be used in real time applications as it is very slow and the software is not free of cost like
open to overcome this disadvantage of mat lab, open software is used which is very easy to install
and is open source software and can be used in real time application in a quick manner. In this
paper they have shown the density measurement in the signal by using open in the System..

[2] G.Kavya, B.Saranya: Density Based Intelligent Traffic Signal System Using PIC
Microcontroller, the optimization of traffic light controller in a City using IR sensors and
microcontroller. By using this system configuration tried to reduce the possibilities of traffic
jams, caused by traffic lights, to an extent and successfully gets the results. No. of passing vehicle
in the fixed time slot on the road decide the density range of traffics and on the basis of vehicle
count microcontroller decide the traffic light delays for next recording interval. The recorded data
can be downloaded to the computer through communication between microcontroller and the
computer.

[3] Sachin Jaiswal, Tushar Agarwal ,Akanksha Singh and Lakshita: The project is a
replica of a four way lane crossing of real time scenario. In the first part, concentrated on
problems faced by Ambulances, RFID concept is used to make the Ambulance’s lane Green and
thus providing a stoppage free way for the Ambulance. In the second part, concentrated on
problems faced by Priority vehicles, IR transmitter and receiver are used to make the vehicles’
lane Green and thus preventing traffic congestion. In the third part, concentrated on Traffic
density control, IR transmitter and receiver are used to provide dynamic traffic control and thus

11. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
3

increasing the duration of the Green light of the lane in which traffic density is high and hence,
regulating traffic.

2.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION
The high volume of vehicles, the inadequate infrastructure and the irrational distribution of the
development are main reasons for increasing traffic jam. The major cause leading to traffic
congestion is the high number of vehicle which was caused by the population and the
development of economy. Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use
increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular
queuing. The most common example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic
demand is great enough that the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic
stream, these results in some congestion .As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the
intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped
for periods of time, this is colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic
congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. In order to avoid
the congestion in the traffic. In traffic environments, Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is used to
regulate traffic signs, warn the driver, and command or prohibit certain actions. A fast real-time
and robust automatic traffic sign detection and recognition can support and disburden the driver,
and thus, significantly increase driving safety and comfort. Generally, traffic signs provide the
driver various information for safe and efficient navigation Automatic recognition of traffic signs
is, therefore, important for automated intelligent driving vehicle or driver assistance systems.
2.3 OBJECTIVE
During our literature survey we come across many journal papers in which traffic is control with
the help of microcontroller. In this manuscript, I am controlling traffic signal using
microcontroller . It is density based traffic signal system. Here I am utilizing the concept of IR
sensor and control the density of traffic. In this project with the help of command we control the
microcontro

12. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
4

CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM



Fig: 3.1 Block diagram of density based traffic signal system

3.2 COMPONENTS REQUIRED
The components required for this project are:
3.2.1 ATMEGA 32A
The Atmel® ATmega32A is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR®
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the
ATmega32A achieves throughputs close to 1MIPS per MHz this empowers system designed to
optimize the device for power consumption versus processing speed.

13. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
5


Fig: 3.2.1 Atmega32 Pin Configuration
VCC: Digital supply voltage.
GND: Ground.
Port A (PA7:PA0): Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal
pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as
inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are
activated. The Port A pins are tristated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is
not running.
Port B (PB7:PB0): Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tristated when a reset condition

14. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
6

becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the functions of various
special features of the ATmega32A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port B.
Port C (PC7:PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up
resistors on pins PC5(TDI), PC3(TMS) and PC2(TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
The TD0 pin is tristated unless TAP states that shift out data are entered. Port C also serves the
functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega32A as listed in
Alternate Functions of Port C.
Port D (PD7:PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both
high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source
current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tristated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various
special features of the ATmega32A as listed in Alternate Functions of Port D.
RESET: Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse length is given in System
and Reset Characteristics. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. Related Links
System and Reset Characteristics on page 367
XTAL1 Input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.
XTAL2 Output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier.
AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally
connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to
VCC through a low-pass filter.
AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

15. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
7

3.2.2 Features: The features of the microcontroller Atmega32 are given as:
1. High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
2. Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions
Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
3. High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
1024Bytes EEPROM
2Kbytes Internal SRAM
Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
Programming Lock for Software Security
4. JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses
5. Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
6. Special Microcontroller Features

16. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
8

Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
7. I/O and Packages
32 Programmable I/O Lines
40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
8. Operating Voltages
2.7V - 5.5V for ATmega32L
4.5V - 5.5V for ATmega32
9. Speed Grades
0 - 8MHz for ATmega32L
0 - 16MHz for ATmega32
10. Power Consumption at 1MHz, 3V, 25°C
Active: 1.1mA – Idle Mode: 0.35mA
Power-down Mode: < 1µA

3.3: IR Sensor
IR (INFRARED) sensor is based on LM 358 IC which is an Operational amplifier acting
as comparator. The comparator compares the analog voltages of potentiometer and the vol
tage generated by the photodiode. The two voltages are applied on the two terminals of the IC and
correspondingly it generates a digital output on the output pin that is indicated by a Red Led.The
IR sensor is compatible with various microcontroller boards like 8051, Arduino, pic etc. This
shield is based on the working of a circuit comprising op-amp, an IR led and photodiode the
output generate by the sensor is due the comparator action of the opamp (LM358). The Compares
the two voltages that is generated by the photodiode and the potentiometer. When
the value of voltage Vd generated by photodiode is greater than the voltage set on the
potentiometer, the output is HIGH and vice versa.

17. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
9





Fig. 3.3 IR SENSOR

Pin 1 VCC
Pin 2 Ground (GND)
Pin 3 Output

Table 3.3 Pin description
3.3.1 Technical Specifications:
2-12cm range
Potentiometer for maximum range setting.
Can be used to differentiate between black and white (Can be used for line sensing) .
Onboard LED indication for detection
Works on 5V input.
TTL compatible output .
LM358 IC (Integrated Circuit) that acts as a comparator/ ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) IC
which makes it digital sensor.

18. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
10

3.4 RESISTANCE

The electrical resistance of an electrical conductor is the opposition to the passage of an electric
current through that conductor. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease with
which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the
notion of mechanical friction. The SI unit of electrical resistance is the ohm (Ω), while
electrical conductance is measured in siemens (S).
An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its resistivity and length and
inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. All materials show some resistance, except for
superconductors, which have a resistance of zero.




Fig. 3.4 Resistances used

3.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor HYPERLINK light source. It is a pn-
junction HYPERLIN diode, which emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons.
This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy

19. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
11

of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.









Fig 3.5 LED

20. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
12

CHAPTER 4
SOFTWARE DESIGN AND HARDWARE RESULT
4.1 INSTALLING TOOLS FOR C PROGRAMMING
To work with the Atmel AVR microcontroller using the C programming language, two
tools are required: AVR Studio and AVR.
1. AVR Studio is an integrated development environment that includes an editor, the
assembler, HEX file downloader and a microcontroller emulator.
2. ICC AVR is for a ICC-based compiler for AVR. It appears in AVR Studio as a plug-
in. ICC AVR also includes a program called Programmer’s Notepad that can be used
to edit and compile C programs, independently of AVR Studio. Installing these tools
is easy, just download and run the setup files, and accept the default installation
options. Remember to install AVR Studio first before ICC-AVR.
3. It supports inline assembly and can interface with assembly modules.
4. It supports all AT90S and ATMega devices and AT94K FPSLIC.
5. Modern IDE with code folding, workspace and project management, one click access
to function definitions, etc.

4.2 USING AVR STUDIO FOR C PROGRAMMING
After creating a simple C program for the Atmel AVR you will be guided through
four major stages:
1. Creating an AVR Studio project.
2. Compiling C code to HEX file.
3. Debugging C program using the simulator.
4. Downloading HEX file to the proteus software and simulating it.

4.3 CREATING AN ICC AVR PROJECT
Perform the following steps to create a simple AVR project.
1. Start the ICC AVR program by selecting atmega 32 from application builder.
2. Select Project | New Project. In the dialog box that appears and specify the
project name and project location.
If options ‘Create new file’, an empty C file and will be created for you. In this
case, we create a file called ‘led’.

21. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
13




Fig. 4.3.1 Entering project type

4. In the ‘Select debug platform and device’ dialog that appears choose ‘AVR
Simulator’ as the debug platform and ‘ATMEGA32’ as the device.
Click button Finish.
Note: If you want to use other AVR chips such as ATMAGE8515, select it at this step. In this
tutorial, we will use ATMEGA32 for both software simulation and hardware testing.
5. A project file will be created and ICC AVR displays an empty file led.c. Enter the
C code.

22. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
14



Figure 4.3.2: The ICC AVR with a project file open.

4.4 COMPILING C CODE TO HEX FILE

1. Click menu Build | Rebuild All to compile the C code.
2. If there is no error message, a file called led.hex will be produced .This file
contains the machine code that is ready to be downloaded to the ATMEGA32
microcontroller. The file is stored in sub-folder ‘\default’ of your project.
3. If there are error messages, check your C code. Most often, they are caused by
some typos or syntax errors.
4. And after checking this program, burn on burner kit so that hardware can work

23. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
15

successfully




Fig. 4.4.1 Compiling code
5. While debugging the C program, you can change the contents of a register. For
example, to change Port A Input Pins register (PINA), click on the value column
of PINA and enter a new value This change takes effect immediately.
Subsequently, the contents of PORTB will be 0x04 after running the two C
instruction.

24. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
16



Fig. 4.4.2 Continued code

6. To monitor a C variable, select the variable name in the code window and click
menu.
7. Debug | Quick Watch. The variable will be added to a watch window.

4.5 SIMULATION PROCESS

1. Proteus8.1 is best simulation software for various designs with microcontroller.
2. It is a handy tool to test programs and embedded designs for electronics hobbyist.
3. Basically PROTEUS is also simulating software but it helps you attach many
components with the 8051. Like resistors, capacitors, LEDs, LCDs, keypads, ICs
etc. and these are just few that I have named in general. It has a complete library
and you will find everything that you will ever need. You can design your
complete circuit and then simulate it to view the final output. This means that after
perfecting your project on the programming side in KEIL, you'll need to simulate
it on PROTEUS to determine the output of the hardware components and change it
if need be. This will completely ensure your project's success
4. Open the Proteus and then create a new project by clicking on new project button.
5. Now give a Name to our project and do not change anything, just follow the

25. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
17

default options and click Next until you see Finish button.
6. Draw the circuit diagram by clicking on Schematic Capture button and then add
the components by Click P button followed by Component button under Devices
for picking components.
7. Choose your component by simply typing the name at Keyword box. After
selecting item click OK and the selected components will listed under Devices.
8. Now draw the circuit diagram i.e make the connection.
9. Simulate the circuit by clicking on run button.





Fig.4.5 Output when simulation start on proteus




4.6 PROTEUS SIMULATION OF CIRCUIT
Using proteus software we have interfaced At mega 32A, LED and IR module.

26. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
18



4.7 PCB DESIGNING PROCES


It is used to mechanically support and electrically connect Electrical component using
conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a
nonconductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring
board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also
known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually
all but the simplest commercially-produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can
be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either
wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high volume
production and soldering od PCBs can be done by totally automated equipment. Much of the
electronics industry’s PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards
that are published by the IPC organization.


Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20
th

century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated
to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical
methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904 Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-
and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-
spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Durcase in 1927 patented a
method of electroplating circuit patterns.



1. Boards should be clean, washing up liquid, cream cleaners etc the board should be
scoured clean, and rinsed thoroughly, water should form into droplets and roll off the
board as a sign of cleanliness.

2. Thoroughly dry the board, wipe with clean drying cloth, warm air (hair dryer) and
warm in an oven if possible.

3. Draw your design onto the board, holding the board by the edges when working.
Allow the ink of the design to completely dry. Thickness of ink should not be a
problem if allowed to dry fully.

4. With the types of board provided with the kits the solution of ferric chloride (PCB
etchant) should be suitable to be used as supplied.

5. Temperature of the etchant should be around room temperature, in the 21°C to 24°C

27. Density based traffic signal and system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
19

preferable – the warmer the etchant the faster the etching action.

6. Pour the etchant into the tray provided and carefully lay the copper board into the
etchant. Plastic gloves should be used throughout this part of the operation.

7. The tray should be held by the handles at each end and the etchant gently rocked to
and fro across the copper board to ensure an even etching process across the face of
the board. Turning the board over will also help to ensure an even process.

8. To ensure the process is working correctly, gently rub a gloved finger over the board
surface to ascertain how well the process is progressing. You should begin to see the
effects of the removal of copper quite quickly at least within 4 to 5 minutes if not
sooner.

9. With fresh etchant, depending on a number of variables such as ambient temperature,
temperature of the etchant, complexity of circuit design, cleanliness of the board.
The time taken to etch the board should be less than 10 minutes, probably around 6
to 7 minutes.




Fig. 4.7 Final layout of the project

28. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
20

CONCLUSION

In this project, I have implemented density based traffic signal system using microcontroller. The
hardware equipment is tested and result is obtained. This project is cost effective. Implementation of
this project in present day will effectively solve the traffic congestion which is a severe problem in
many modern cities all over the world .Consider a scenario of highly congested area where many
vehicles such as personal transport, public transport and emergency vehicles (Ambulance, Fire brigade,
VIP cars and other rescue vehicles) have to wait for long for the change of traffic signals at intersection
points. This leads to the wastage of precious time especially in case of rescue vehicles for emergency
conditions It is possible to propose dynamic time-based coordination schemes where the green signal
time of the traffic lights is assigned based on the present conditions of traffic. This is achieved by using
IR sensors across the road to monitor the length of vehicles blocking the road traffic. The signals from
the IR receivers are fed to the microcontroller to follow the program with the time as desired. With a
slight modification this project can be implemented in a nearby area.

29. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
21

FUTUTRE SCOPE


As the system takes care of few of the drawbacks of the existing system, there is scope for further
improvement and expansion of this work. The system can be expanded with smart traffic light control
and congestion avoidance system during emergencies emergency cars such as fire engines and
ambulances and have priority over other traffic. This system gives highest priority to emergency
vehicles to pass them. A development of an intelligent traffic signal control (ITSC) system needed
because present traffic light controllers are based on old microcontroller such as AT89C51 which has
very less internal memory and no in-built ADC. These systems have limitation because they will use
the predefined program that does not have the flexibility of modification on real time application.
The approach discussed in above is novel and has achieved the target to control traffic signal system
satisfying user needs and requirements.
In this project in future i can add module for sensing whose range is more than IR module. I will
modify my coding for controlling the traffic signal according to density.

30. Density based traffic signal system using
Microcontroller
2016

Department Of Electronics And Communication Engineering RKGITW, Ghaziabad
22

REFERENCES

1. Zhang Yuye & Yan Weisheng, (2009) “Research of Traffic Signal Light Intelligent Control
System Based On Microcontroller”, First International Workshop on Education Technology
and Computer Science,pp301- 303. Y.Zhao and Z.Ye, “A Low Cost GSM/GPRS Based
Wireless Home Security System”, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 54, No.
2, pp.200-215, (2008).
2. Manoj Kanta Mainali & Shingo Mabu (2010) “Evolutionary Approach for the Traffic Volume
Estimation of Road Sections”, pp100- 105, IEEE.
3. Shilpa S. Chavan, Dr. R. S. Deshpande & J. G. Rana (2009) “Design of Intelligent Traffic
Light Controller Using Embedded System” Second International Conference on Emerging
Trends in Engineering and Technology, pp1086- 1091.
4. Xu Li, Wei Shu, Minglu Li, Hong-Yu Huang, Pei-En Luo, and Min-You Wu, “Performance
Evaluation of Vehicle-Based Mobile Sensor Networks for Traffic Monitoring” IEEE 2009 .
5. Manoj KantaMainali& Shingo Mabu (2010) “Evolutionary Approach for the Traffic Volume
Estimation of Road Sections”, pp100- 105, IEEE.
6. Ahmed S. Salama, Bahaa K. Saleh, Mohamad M. Eassa “Intelligent Cross Road Traffic
Management System”, (ICRTMS), 2010 2nd International Conference on Computer
Technology and Development (ICCTD 2010).