Determinants of Health PowerPoint presentation

Factors that affects health of individuals or of the entire population

1. Determinants of Health 10/22/25 1

2. Learning Objectives List top 10 causes of death Identify the top 10 global health risk factors Describe determinants of health Settings of public health Contextualize risk factors for different settings 10/22/25 2

3. Define Health A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WHO, 1948) 10/22/25 3

4. Health Promotion enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health 10/22/25 4

5. Health Education Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health , by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitude 10/22/25 5

6. Determinants of Health Things that make people healthy or not. 10/22/25 6

7. 10/22/25 7

8. Top 10 Causes of Death Globally Ischaemic heart disease Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Lower respiratory infections Alzheimer Disease & other dementias 10/22/25 8

9. Top 10 Causes of Death Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers Diabetes mellitus Road traffic accidents Diarrhoeal Diseases Tuberculosis (WHO, 2018) 10/22/25 9

10. Causes of Death and Disability Malaria Neonatal Disorders Diarrheal Diseases Lower Respiratory Infection HIV AIDS (Institute of Health Metrics, 2020) Protein Energy Malnutrition Dietary Iron Deficiency Tuberculosis Meningitis Measles

11. Top 10 Global Health Risk Factors Childhood and maternal underweight Unsafe Sex High Blood Pressure Tobacco Alcohol Unsafe water, sanitation & hygiene High cholesterol Indoor smoke from solid fuels Iron Deficiency Overweight/Obesity 10/22/25 11

12. General Determinants of Health Genetic make up Age Gender Lifestyle choices Community influences Income status Education Geographical location Culture Environmental factors Work conditions Access to health services 10/22/25 12

13. General Determinants of Health Political Stability Environmental Degradation Population Growth Urbanization Development of Country Of Residence 10/22/25 13

14. Factors Uncontrollable Factors genetics gender Age Predisposition to a disease Controllable Factors Diet smoking status physical activity Alcohol use 10/22/25 14

15. Determinants of health       All Determinants Biological/Genetic Determinants Behavioural /Lifestyle Determinants Social/Environmental Determinants Genetics, gender, age, birth weight Lifestyle Choices: Smoking, sexual activity, eating practices, exercise, alcohol Poverty, early life experiences, social networks, housing, transport, work 10/22/25 15

16. GENETICS If one or both parents suffer from a certain disease, you are more likely to also get it. Sometimes the interaction of genes combined with other determinants  likelihood to a health condition. 10/22/25 16

17. Actions or patterns of living of an individual or group that impact on health 10/22/25 17

18. Social Determinants Socio Economic Status Social Exclusion Food Security Housing Early Life Experiences Stress Access to Health Care Transport Work Social Determinants Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health 10/22/25 18

19. Social Determinants Housing The housing environment is a significant determinant of health How might housing Promote good health or contribute to ill health? 10/22/25 19

20. Social Determinants Housing ILL HEALTH Overcrowding  mental health, lack of hygienic conditions  infectious and parasitic diseases Noise and overcrowding  affects sleep  Security  stress and anxiety Design and safety  accidents and falls 10/22/25 20

21. ILL HEALTH Pollutants  tobacco smoke, asbestos, dust, pet hair – asthma Hygiene  adequate hot and cold water and washing facilities Adequate water supply  safe for drinking Cooking facilities  conducive to eating a nutritionally sound diet. Lack of ventilation sleeping condition 10/22/25 21

22. Transport In what ways can transport promote good health or contribute to ill health? 10/22/25 22

23. Social Determinants Transport Access to health care Access to shops and supermarkets 10/22/25 23

24. Work Aspects →Health Job satisfaction/demand Relationship with co-workers Workload Physical workspace Harassment/discrimination Job security 10/22/25 24

25. Social Determinants Socio Economic Status Resources, opportunities and power to make decisions → better health and live longer Higher education levels → higher paid jobs → more income → more resources to assist in promoting health 10/22/25 25

26. The determinants of health can sometimes be referred to as RISK FACTORS or PROTECTIVE FACTORS Risk Factor – determinants which are detrimental to health (smoking) Protective Factors – Promote or enhance health (exercising) 10/22/25 26

27. Healthy Settings Approach Creating social, economic and environmental conditions that are favorable to good health. Health conditions in developing countries must be viewed in a wider socio economic context because millions of people are trapped in the vicious cycle of poverty, despair, disparity, illiteracy and disease.

28. Healthy Settings Approach Jakarta Declaration Gave prominence to the concept of the health setting as the place or social context in which people engage in daily activities And in which environmental, organizational, and personal factors interact to affect health and well - being. 10/22/25 28

29. Sites for H. Promotion Health is promoted through interactions with people who work in various settings, through people ’ s use of settings to gain access to health services, and through the interaction of different settings. Settings: workplaces and health care organizations, schools, communities sites for health promotion 10/22/25 29

30. Settings Approach Health promotion programs are planned, implemented, and evaluated for specific sites, reflecting the unique characteristics of the environment as well as the individuals at the site. 10/22/25 30

31. Stakeholders In beginning to plan, implement, and evaluate a health promotion program, the first step is to know who the stakeholders are in regard to the health issue under consideration. Stakeholders are the people and organizations that have an interest in the health of a specific group or population of people. Stakeholders are people or organizations that have a legitimate interest (a stake) in what kind of health promotion program is implemented. 10/22/25 31

32. Stakeholders First and foremost are the program participants, also called the priority population (for example, students, employees, community members, patients). The program is for their benefit and works to address their health concerns and problems. 10/22/25 32

33. Stakeholders People who are directly or indirectly involved in the program Their involvement is essential for success. Involve them during the needs assessment so that the strategies are in line with their beliefs and will increase their commitment. Different stakeholders have different roles. 10/22/25 33

34. Activity/Assignment Choose a setting that would be of most interest for you in regard to working in a health promotion program? Who would be the stakeholders in this setting? Identify the health problem among those within the setting. What are the health determinants? 10/22/25 34

35. References Institute for Health Metrics. (2020). http://www.healthdata.org/nigeria WHO. (2018). Causes of Death. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/causes-of-death 10/22/25 35