Deuteromycota

Deuteromycota

1. DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota
The Imperfect FungiThe Imperfect Fungi

2. •Deuteromycota means “second fungi.”
•Deuteromycota was a formal phylum of
kingdom Fungi. But, scientists have not yet
observed Deuteromycota’s sexual
reproductive cycle, one of the basis of the
taxonomy of kingdom Fungi. Now, the term
is only used informally to denote the
species of fungi that reproduce asexually
of the fungal phyla Ascomycota and
Basidiomycota.
DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota

3. •They are characterized by the
production of septate mycelium and a
sexual life cycle that is either
unknown or absent.
•They reproduce asexually by means of
conidia (sing. = conidium). A conidium is
an asexual spore that is not produced
in a sporangium
DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota

4. DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota
•There are four orders in phylum
Deuteromycota:
●
Moniliales
●
Sphaeropsidales
●
Melanconiales
●
Mycelia Sterlia
DeuteromycotaDeuteromycota

5. MonilialesDeuteromycota
•In order Moniliales, conidia and
conidiophores are produced in
mycelium
MonilialesMoniliales
Conidiophores of Ulocladium
Conidia of Alternaria
tenuis are borne in
chains

6. SphaeropsidalesDeuteromycota
•Here, the conidia and conidiophores
produced in pycnidia (sing. = picnidium)
•A pycnidia is a fruiting body of
variable shape and size in which
conidia and conidiosphore are borne
SphaeropsidalesSphaeropsidales
Pycnidium of Chaetomella. Unlike most
pycnidium, this one is bowl-shaped with
many setae: dark, thick-walled hairs.

7. MelanconialesDeuteromycota
•Fungi from order Melanconiales have
acervuli (sing.=acervulus), a plate-like
stroma on which conidia and
conidiophores are borne.
MelanconialesMelanconiales
Acervulus of Pestalotia sp.

8. Mycelia SterliaDeuteromycota
•Mycelium is sterile, conidia not
produced.
•They have sclerotia (sing.= sclerotium).
A sclerotium is a rounded structure
composed of mass of hyphae, which is
normally sterile. The sclerotia serves
as a "resistant" stage which may give
rise to mycelium, fruitbodies or
stromata.
Mycelia SterliaMycelia Sterlia

9. Parasexual cycleDeuteromycota
•“Parang sexual”
•A process in which plasmogamy,
karyogamy, and haploidization takes
place, but not in a particular place in
the thallus nor at any specific period
during its life cycle.
•It was first discovered by Pontecarvo
and Roper(1952) in Aspergillus
nidulans.
Parasexual CycleParasexual Cycle

10. Parasexual cycleDeuteromycota
1.Formation of heterokaryotic
mycelium
Heterokaryon formation refers to
the condition by which genetically
different nuclei are associated in a
common cytoplasm.
Parasexual CycleParasexual Cycle

11. Parasexual cycleDeuteromycota
1.Occasional karyogamy
Following initial fusion of hyphal cells,
to form a genetically different cell,
mitotic division perpetuates the cell
and mycelium that is made up of
genetically, different nuclei is
formed.
Parasexual CycleParasexual Cycle

12. Parasexual cycleDeuteromycota
1.Haploidization
This haploidization is NOT meiosis.
It is in fact, a series of errors in
mitosis. A sequential loss of
chromosomes will eventually give rise
to a haploid nucleus.
Parasexual CycleParasexual Cycle

13. Trichophyton Trichophyton
interdigidaleinterdigidale
•a.k.a. Athlete's Foot
•They live on the bottom of people's feet thrives
because of the warm moist skin caused by wearing
socks and shoes all the time in our current society

This type of fungi grows faster because of lack of
ventilation to the feet.

14. Trichophyton Trichophyton
interdigidaleinterdigidale

It causes Athlete's Foot along with many
other organisms including Epidermophyton
floccosum, Microsporum, and the human
disease (ugly toenail fungus)

Can be extremely resistant to many
treatments depending on the form of the
Athlete's foot

15. Trichophyton Trichophyton
interdigidaleinterdigidale
How It Adapts

It can easily infect a human foot

It is possible that everyone will, at some
point, get Athlete's foot

It is learning to resist many treatments
and is slowly becoming immune to known
treatments.

16. Trichophyton Trichophyton
interdigidaleinterdigidale
Economic/ Ecological Significance

It is painful and irritating

There is a need to find new and more
effective treatment against Athlete's Foot

Affect footwear design

Affect foot care industry

17. Penicillium roquefortiiPenicillium roquefortii
•Penicillium roquefortii is used in
the manufacture of blue cheeses
e.g. Roquefort, Gorgonzola, Stilton,
Danish Blue etc.
•During the fermentation process,
fungus spores are injected into the
curd. Growth of the fungus gives a
pleasant tang to the final product.
The blue in the blue-cheese is
caused by the blue pigment in the
spores (conidia) of the fungus. So,
when you eat blue cheese you are
consuming millions of spores.
Yumm…

18. Penicillium roquefortiiPenicillium roquefortii
•Penicillium roquefortii is a
common fungus that can be
isolated from many sources--
mostly organic or humus
sources. This fungus is a
saprobic organism belonging
to the fungi imperfecti
classification.

19. Penicillium roquefortiiPenicillium roquefortii
Economic/Ecological Significance

Industrial uses: flavorings, proteases,
antibacterial agents, polysaccharides,
and, most well known, blue cheeses.

In general, P. roquefortii is safe to
use as flavorings and for cheese. This
fungi does, however, produce many
mycotoxins. These mycotoxins are
strong, but not stable. The FDA says
that blue cheese is safe for human
consumption, and does not really pose
a threat to humans, unless the person
has an allergy to the mycotoxins.

20. Monilinia fructigenaMonilinia fructigena

Monilinia establishes infections in apple
orchards, typically through wounds caused by
insects or man.

Fruit that has fallen and is left on the ground
is the source of infection for the next season.
It shrinks and mummifies over winter but can
produce spores the following season. Left: infected with
Monilinia
fructigena
Right: perfectly
healthy apple

21. Monilinia fructigenaMonilinia fructigena
Characteristics

The fungi causes the apple and fruits to rot when
it invades the apple tissues and kills them by
releasing enzymes.

The principal enzymes involved in this are pectic
enzymes - those that break down the gel-like
pectic compounds that cement the apple cells (or
other plant cells) together.

There are several forms of these enzymes, but
the major one is polygalacturonase (PG), which
splits the long pectin chains into smaller units of
galacturonic acid.

22. Monilinia fructigenaMonilinia fructigena

Maturing plant tissues generate ethylene, and ethylene
is a ripening agent. [In fact, bananas are shipped while
green, to preserve them in good condition, and then are
treated with ethylene to induce ripening before they
are sold.]

A single rotten fruit can lead to a chain reaction.

The damage caused by fruit-rotting fungi in even a
single fruit in a package leads to the generation of
ethylene and thus to the premature ripening of the
other fruit.

Discovery in the control of this fungi could help reduce
cost in the export or import of apple and other fruits

23. Many Thanks to…Many Thanks to…
•http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/De
uteromycota/Deuteromycota.htm
•http://science.jrank.org/pages/2895/Fungi-
Deuteromycota-imperfect-fungi.html
•http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
•dit.dru.ac.th
•www.lip-sas.fr
•Nematophagous Fungi: Guide by Philip Jacobs, BRIC-
Version (http://www.biological-research.com/philip-
jacobs%20BRIC/ar-dact.htm)
•http://www.mycolog.com/CHAP4a.htm

24. And Thanks to…And Thanks to…
•http://www.biology.ed.ac.uk/research/groups/jdeacon/microbes/
applerot.htm
•http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Mycology/UsesOf_Fungi/industrialPr
oduction/foodProcessing.shtml
•http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/~mushroom/English/Species/penic
illiumroquefortii.html
•http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp318/profiles/deuteromycetes
/deutero.htm
•http://www.cababstractsplus.org/google/abstract.asp?AcNo=200
56401109
•http://web.umr.edu/~microbio/BIO221_1998/P_roquefortii.html
•http://www.cs.cuc.edu/~tfutcher/Deuteromycota.html
•Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for February 1998,
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/feb98.html
•http://lynx6663.tripod.com/deuteromycota.html

25. Presented byPresented by
•Group 10Group 10
Ernest Nathan L. Nogales
Jess Ramirez
Lennart Panton
•Group 5Group 5
Athena Aherrera
Mai Dealino
Rocelle Mendoza