Developement of Embryo

Developement of Embryo in Dicot and Monocots

1. Developementof Embryo
in Dicotand Monocots

2. Embryo: Meaning and Development
Meaning of Embryo:
After fertilization, the fertilized egg is called zygote or oospore
which develops into an embryo. The oosporebefore it actually
enters into the process undergoes a period of rest which may vary
from few hours to few months. Generally the zygote (oospore)
divides immediately after the first division of the primary
endosperm nucleus.
Unlike gymnosperms where the early stages of the development
show free nuclear divisions the first division of zygote is always
followed by wall-formation resulting in a two-celled pro-embryo.
Practically there are no fundamental differences in the early stages
of the development of the embryos of monocots and dicots.
But in late stages, there is a marked difference between the
embryos of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants, hence
their embryogenesis has been considered here separately.

3. Embryo after the fertilization

4. Development of Embryo in Dicots:
According to Soueges, the mode of origin of the four-celled pro-embryo
and the contribution made by each of these cells makes the base for the
classification of the embryonaltype. However, Schnarf(1929), Johansen
(1945) and Maheshwari(1950) have recognized five main types of embryos
in dicotyledons.
They are as follows:
I.The terminal cell of the two-celled pro-embryo divides by longitudinal wall.
(i) Crucifer type:
Basal cell plays little or no role in the development of the embryo.
(ii) Asteradtype:
Basal and terminal cells play an important role in the development of the
embryo. II.The terminal cell of the two-celled proembryodivides by a
transverse wall, Basal cell plays a little or no role in the development of the
embryo.
III. Solanadtype:
Basal cell usually forms a suspensor of two or more cells.

5. IV. Caryophyllodtype: Basal cell does divide further.
V. Chenopodiadtype:
Both basal and terminal cells take part in the development of the
embryo.
Here citing the example of Capsellabursa-pastoris(Shepherd’s purse),
the detailed study of Crucifer type of the development of the
embryo has been given.

6. Development of dicotembryo in Capsella
bursa-pastoris(Crucifer type):
For the first time Hanstein(1870) worked out the details of the
development of embryo in Capsellabursa-pastoris, a member of
Crucifeae.
The oosporedivides transversely forming two cells, a terminal cell
and basal cell. The cell towards the micropylarend of the embryo
sac is the suspensor cell (i.e., basal cell) and the other one makes to
the embryo .cell (i.e., terminal cell). The terminal cell by subsequent
divisions gives rise to the embryo while the basal cell contributes
the formation of suspensor.
The terminal cell divides by a vertical division forming a 4-celled 1-
shaped embryo. In certain plants the basal cell also forms the
hypocotyl(i.e., the root end of the embryo) in addition of
suspensor. The terminal cells of the four-celled pro-embryo divide
vertically at right angle to the first vertical wall forming four cells.
Now each of the four cells divides transversely forming the octant
stage (8-celled) of the embryo.

8. The four cells next to the suspensor are termed the hypo-basal or
posterior octants while the remaining four cells make the epibasal
or anterior octants. The epibasaloctants give rise to plumuleand
the cotyledons, whereas the hybobasaloctants give rise to the
hypocotylwith the exception of its tip. Now all the eight cells of
the octant divide periclinallyforming outer and inner cells.
The outer cells divide further by anticlinaldivision forming a
peripheral layer of epidermal cells, the dermatogen. The inner cells
divide by longitudinal and transverse divisions forming periblem
beneath the dermatogenand pleromein the central region. The
cells of periblemgive rise to the cortex while that of pleromeform
the stele.
At the time of the development of the octant stage of embryo the
two basal cells divide transversely forming a 6-10 celled filament,
the suspensor which attains its maximum development by the time
embryo attains globular stage. The suspensor pushes the embryo
cells down into the endosperm.

9. The distal cell of the suspensor is much larger than the other cells
and acts as a haustorium. The lowermost cell of the suspensor is
known as hypophysis. By further divisions, the hypophysisgives rise
to the embryonic root and root cap.
With the continuous growth, the embryo becomes heart-shaped
which is made up of two primordiaof cotyledons. The mature
embryo consists of a short axis and two cotyledons. Each
cotyledon appears on either side of the hypocotyl. In most of
dicotyledons, the general course of embryogenesis is followed as
seen in Capsellabursa-pastoris.

11. Development of Embryo in Monocots:
There is no essential difference between the monocotyledons and
the dicotyledonsregarding the early cell divisions of the
proembryo, but the mature embryos are quite different in two
groups. Here the embryogenyof Sagittariasagittifoliahas been
given as one of the examples.
The zygote divides transversely forming the terminal cell and the
basal cell. The basal cell, which is the larger and lies towards the
micropylarend, does not divide again but becomes transformed
directly into a large vesicular cell. The terminal cell divides
transversely forming the two cells. of these, the lower cell divides
vertically forming a pair of juxtaposed cells, and the middle cell
divides transversely into two cells.

12. In the next stage, the two cells once again divide vertically forming
quadrants. The cell next to the quadrants also divides vertically and
the cell next to the upper vesicular divides several times
transversely. The quadrants now divide transversely forming the
octants, the eight cells being arranged in two tiers of four cells
each. With the result of periclinaldivision, the dermatogenis
formed.
Later the periblemand pleromeare also differentiated. All these
regions, formed from the octants develop into a single terminal
cotyledon afterwards. The lowermost cell L of the three-celled
suspensor divides vertically to form the plumuleor stem tip. The
cells R form radicle. The upper 3-6 cells contribute to the
formation of suspensor.

14. Some of the major differences between dicot
and monocot embryos in flowering plants are
as follows:
DicotEmbryo:
1. Basal cell forms a 6-10 celled suspensor.
2. Terminal cell produces embryo except the radicle.
3. The first division of terminal cell is generally longitudinal.
4. It has two cotyledons.
5. Plumuleis terminal and lies in between the two elongated
cotyledons
Monocot Embryo:
1. Basal cell produces a single celled suspensor.
2. It forms the whole of the embryo.
3. It is transverse.
4. There is a single cotyledon.
5. Plumuleappears lateral due to excessive growth of the single
cotyledon.

16. Embryo Development after Fertilization
After fertilization, the fertilized egg is called zygote or oospore.
Following a predetermined mode of development (embryogeny) it
gives rise to an embryo, which has the potentiality to form a
complete plant.
Usually the zygote divides immediately after the first division of
primary endosperm nucleus or it divides earlier than the first
division of primary endosperm nucleus. After fertilization the
zygote rests for a period that varies greatly in different taxa-from a
few hours to several weeks.
There are no fundamental differences in the early stages of
development in dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous embryos.
But later stages of development do differ as the mature embryos
differ considerably.
The first division of the zygote is usually transverse in most of the
angiosperms. However, in some cases first division may be
longitudinal or oblique. From this two celled stage till the
differentiation of organs, embryo is called proembryo.

17. Development of Dicotembryo in Capsella
bursa pastories(Crucifer type):
The first division of the zygote is transverse leading to the formation of
basal cell cband a terminal cell ca (Fig. 2.30 A, B). Basal cell divides
transversely to form (cm and ci) and latter divides longitudinally resulting
in the formation of reverse-T shaped proembryo(made up of 4 cells) Fig.
2.30 C-E.
Each of the two terminal cells now divides by vertical wall lying at right
angles to the first to form quadrant stage (Fig. 2.30J). The quadrant cells
divide by transverse walls giving rise to octant stage (Fig. 2.30 K, L). Of this
octant lower four cells form stem tip and cotyledons and upper four form
hypocotyl.
All the eight cells of undergo periclinaldivisions differentiating an outer
dermatogenand inner layer of cells (Fig. 2.30 M, N). The cells of
dermatogendivide anticlinallyto give rise to epidermis of embryo, while
the inner cells by further divisions give rise to the ground meristemand
procambialsystem of the hypocotyland cotyledons.
By this time two upper cells c iand cm of four-celled proembryo(Fig. 2.30
D) divide to form a row of 6-10 suspensor cells (Fig. 2.30 F-K) of which
the uppermost cell V becomes swollen and vesicular to form haustorium.
The lower most cell h functions as hypophysis.

18. Development of Dicotembryo in Capsella
bursa pastories(Crucifer type):

19. The cell of hypophysisdivided to give rise to eight
cells. Lower four of these form root cortex initials.
Upper four form root cap and root epidermis. A fully
developed embryo of dicotyledonshas an embryonal
axis differentiated into plumule, two cotyledons and
radicle.
In the beginning embryo is globular. With the
continuous growth the embryo become heart shaped
(cordate) which is made up of two primordial of
cotyledons. The enlarging embryo consists of two
cotyledons and embryonalaxis.
The hypocotylas well as cotyledons soon elongate in
size. During further development, the ovule becomes
curved like horse-shoe (Fig. 2.31).

21. Development of Monocot embryo:
In monocots a good deal of variation is
found in the stages of development.
However, there is no essential difference
between the monocotyledons and
dicotyledonsregarding the early cell
divisions of proembryo. Here the
embryogenyof a typical type Sagittaria
(Family –Allismaceae) has been traced
out.

22. First of all zygote or oosporegreatly enlarges in size and
divides by transverse division to form a 3-called proembryo
(Fig. 2.33). These are basal cell, middle cell and terminal cell.
Larger basal cell which lies towards micropylarend does not
divide further and is transformed directly to form large
suspensor or vesicular cell. Terminal cell undergoes number
of divisions in various planes and forms a single cotyledon.
The middle cell undergoes repeated transverse and vertical
divisions, thus differentiating into few suspensor cells, radicle,
plumuleand hypocotyl. In this type cotyledon is a terminal
structure and plumuleis situated laterally in a depression. In
monocots like Colocasia, no suspensor is formed. In
Agapanthus (family –Liliaceae); two cotyledons have been
reported.