𝙰𝚛𝚞𝚜𝚑 ꉔꁝdgrgrrbtbtbbybrbebꏂꂵ꒐ꇙ꓄ꋪꌦ 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙬𝙘𝙖𝙨𝙚.pptx

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1. Shapes of atomic orbitals By [̲̅A][̲̅r][̲̅u][̲̅s][̲̅h]

2. ATOMIC ORBITALS – An Introduction What are Atomic Orbitals? • Regions of space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
• Describe the energy and shape of an electron’s wave function.
• Key to understanding chemical bonding and molecular structure. Think of them as:- 𝙰𝚝𝚘𝚖𝚒𝚌 𝚘𝚛𝚋𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚕𝚜 𝙇𝙞𝙠𝙚 A map showing where an electron is likely to be found 𝙐𝙣𝙡𝙞𝙠𝙚 A defined path the electron travels

3. 𝚂𝚑𝚊𝚙𝚎𝚜 𝚘𝚏 𝚊𝚝𝚘𝚖𝚒𝚌 𝚘𝚛𝚋𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚕𝚜 Orbital Type Shapes No. Of orbitals 𝚂-𝚘𝚛𝚋𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚕𝚜 Spherical 1 𝙿-𝚘𝚛𝚋𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚕𝚜 Dumbbell 2 𝙳-𝚘𝚛𝚋𝚒𝚝𝚊𝚕𝚜 Complex (ex- cloverleaf, dumbbell with ring) 3 Key Point : The shape of an atomic orbital determines the spatial distribution of an electron within the atom.

4. S-Orbitals: Spherical Symmetry Simplest orbital shape Electron density is distributed equally in all directions. 1s orbital is the lowest energy level and smallest in siz e . Larger s orbitals are found at higher energy levels

5. P-orbitals: Dumbbell Key Features: Two lobes on either side of the nucleus. Each lobe has a different sign (Phase) . Oriented along the x,y,and z axes. Comparison to s-orbitals . p-orbitals are higher in energy than s orbitals. p-orbitals have a directional character, while s-orbitals are spherical. Pʏ Px Pᴢ

6. D-Orbitals: Complex Shapes Orbitals Shapes Dxʏ Cloverleaves, lobes along x and y axis Dxz Cloverleaves, lobes along x and z axis Dyz Cloverleaves, lobes along y and z axis Dx²y² Four lobes along x and y axis Dz² Two lobes along z axis, donut shape around center