Diabetes and its Types

This presentation talks about Diabetes, its types and treatment.

1. Diabetes
•‘Diabetes mellitus’ occurs when the
level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
becomes higher than normal
•Two main types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes

2. Type 1 Diabetes
•Pancreas stops making insulin
•Symptoms develop in days or weeks
•Insulin in the blood is very low
•Also called: Juvenile, Early onset,
Insulin-dependent
•Children or young adults usually
affected although adults can also be
affected
•Treated with Insulin injections and diet

3. Type 2 Diabetes
•Symptoms develop gradually compared with
Type 1 Diabetes
•Pancreas still secreting Insulin unlike Type 1
Diabetes, but not sufficient to meet body needs
•Adults usually affected (and children these
days!!)
•Develop Diabetes because:
not make enough Insulin for body's needs
cells in body unable to use Insulin properly,

called ‘Insulin Resistance'

4. Type 2 Diabetes
•Tends to run in families
•More common in South Asians
•Risk factors:
a first-degree relative with Type 2 diabetes
overweight or obese
waist circumference more than 80cm in women,
85cm in men
Impaired Glucose Tolerance: Blood glucose in
between ‘normal’ and ‘Diabetes range’
Gestational Diabetes
Old age

5. OBESITY
DIABETES MELLITUS
INSULIN RESISTANCE
INSULIN SECRETION
DEFECT
GENETIC
PREDISPOSITION
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
GLUCO-
AND
LIPO-
TOXICITY
Low physical activity
High energy intake
Genes
Vicious
circle
IGT
FFA
TNF-a, resistin,
leptin, adiponectin …
Liver Muscles

6. Symptoms of Type 2
Diabetes
•Vague at first
•Often come on gradually
•Have Diabetes for long time pre-diagnosis
•Common symptoms:
excessively thirsty
passing large amounts of urine
waking frequently at night to pass urine
tiredness
weight loss
blurred vision
frequent infections such as Candida

7. How is Diabetes diagnosed?
•Blood tests for glucose- fasting, Oral
Glucose Tolerance Test
•A routine medical
or
when tests are done for unrelated
medical condition

8. Why treat Diabetes?
•To treat symptoms
•Needs treatment even if no symptoms
to prevent complications

9. Possible complications of
Diabetes
•Short-term complication - a very high blood glucose level can
sometimes lead to Coma
•Long-term complications
 Hardening of the arteries :angina, heart attacks, stroke
 Poor circulation
 Kidney damage
 Eye problems
 Nerve damage
 Foot problems
 Impotence
•Complications of treatment- Hypoglycaemia i.e., ‘low blood
sugar level’

10. Aims of Diabetes Treatment
•Maintain blood glucose level as near
normal as possible
•↓ other 'risk factors' that ↑risk of
developing complications- BP,
cholesterol, smoking cessation
•Detect complications as early as
possible- heart, eyes, feet, liver, kidneys

11. How to Treat Diabetes
•Lifestyle changes:
 Exercise
 Dietary changes
•Medications:
 Oral medications
 Insulin injections and other injectable
medications that reduce blood glucose

12. Monitoring in Diabetes
•Blood tests:
HbA1c blood test 3-4 monthly for monitoring the last 3
months blood glucose average
Creatinine to monitor kidney function
Liver enzymes to screen for Fatty Liver
Lipid profile to assess fat content in blood
•Urine Tests: Albumin-Creatinine Ratio to detect any
damage to kidneys due to high Sugar levels and high
blood pressure
•BP monitoring
•Foot Screen: To assess nerve damage and
decreased blood circulation
•Eye Screen: To screen for damage to Retina,
Cataracts, Glaucoma
•ECG to screen for underlying heart problems