Diabetes mellitus

about general introduction of diabetes mellitus

1. Diabetes mellitus Prepared by Ms. Mahima Dubey ( M. Pharm )

2. INTRODUCTION Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) is classified as a metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers to the way our bodies use digested food for energy and growth, what we eat is broken down into glucose. Glucose is a form of sugar in the blood and it is the principle source of fuel for human body.

3. Diabetes occurs in one of the following situations: The pancreas (an organ behind your stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin at all. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which helps the body use sugar for energy . The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin made does not work as it should. This condition is called insulin resistance.

4. Glucose and insuline regulation

5. Glucose production

6. Types of diabetes Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Gestational Others form

7. T ype I diabetes Type 1 diabetes occurs because the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas (beta cells) are damaged. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar cannot get into the body's cells for use as energy. People with type 1 diabetes must use insulin injections to control their blood glucose.

8. Type II diabetes Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body's cells resist the normal effect of insulin, which is to drive glucose in the blood into the inside of the cells. This condition is called insulin resistance.

9. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes occurs when there is a high blood glucose level during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, the developing baby has a greater need for glucose. Hormone changes during pregnancy also affect the action of insulin, which brings about high blood glucose levels.

10. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Bladder, kidney, skin, or other infections, fatigue and weight loss Polyphagia (increased hunger) Polydipsia (increased thirst) Polyuria (frequent urination) Blurred vision Erectile dysfunction Pain or numbness in the feet or hands

11. Diagnosis :- Blood test level

12. C lassification of oral hypoglycemic drug Oral hypoglycemic Mechanism of action Side effect Sulfonylureas Glyburide Glyburide Micronized Glimiperide Glipizide Glipizide-gits Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide Tolazamide Stimulate first phase insulin secretion by blocking K+ channel in ß-cells Late hyperins ulinemia Hypoglycemia Weight gain 2. Biguanides Metformin     Decrease hepatic glucose production. Nausea, Diarrhea   Metformin-XR Increase muscle glucose uptake and utilization. Anorexia Lactic acidosis 3. Meglitinides Repaglinide Nateglinide Stimulate first phase insulin secretion by blocking K+ channel in ß-cells.   Hypoglycemia   Weight gain 4. Thiazolidinedine diones Rosiglitazone Pioglitazone Increase insulin sensitivity via activation of PPAR-g receptors Fluid retention Weight gain 5 . Alpha Glucoside Inhibitors Acarbose Miglitol Decrease hepatic glucose production Delays glucose absorption Flatulence Abdominal bloating