Diabetes Mellitus ppt Presentation. pptx

we explore Diabetes Mellitus, a chronic health condition that affects millions worldwide. You'll learn about the two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. We'll explain how the body normally processes glucose, the role of insulin, and how diabetes disrupts this process.

The video also covers key symptoms to watch for, including frequent urination, excessive thirst, and fatigue. We'll discuss the long-term effects of untreated diabetes, such as nerve damage and cardiovascular problems, along with strategies for managing diabetes, including lifestyle changes, diet, and medication.

Whether you're newly diagnosed, supporting a loved one, or just curious, this video provides essential information about Diabetes Mellitus to help you better understand and manage this common condition.

1. Welcome to my study room Today’s discussion topic diabetes mellitus

2. Introduction Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period. It occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Diabetes is classified into different types, primarily Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes, each with unique mechanisms but similar complications if uncontrolled.

3. Types of Diabetes Mellitus 1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) Description : An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Onset : Usually develops in childhood or adolescence, though it can occur in adults. Causes : Genetic predisposition, autoimmune response, environmental factors (e.g., viral infections). Symptoms : Sudden onset of excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Treatment : Lifelong insulin therapy, dietary management, regular blood sugar monitoring.

4. Types of Diabetes Mellitus 2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Description : A condition characterized by insulin resistance, where the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, and eventually, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin. Onset : Commonly occurs in adults, but with increasing prevalence in children due to rising obesity rates. Causes : Genetic factors, lifestyle choices (obesity, physical inactivity), age, and poor dietary habits. Symptoms : Gradual onset of symptoms including increased hunger, frequent urination, tiredness, and slow healing of wounds. Treatment : Lifestyle modifications (diet and exercise), oral medications (e.g., metformin), and sometimes insulin.

5. Types of Diabetes Mellitus 3) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) Description : Diabetes that develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after childbirth. Onset : Typically diagnosed in the second or third trimester. Causes : Hormonal changes during pregnancy causing insulin resistance, genetic factors, or obesity. Symptoms : Often asymptomatic but can include increased thirst and urination. Treatment : Dietary adjustments, exercise, and in some cases, insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Risks : Increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life for both mother and child.

6. Pathophysiology Insulin Function : Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, allows cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream to use for energy. In DM, the mechanism of insulin action is impaired. Type 1 DM : No or insufficient insulin production due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. As a result, glucose accumulates in the blood. Type 2 DM : Insulin resistance occurs when cells do not respond effectively to insulin. The pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, but over time, insulin production becomes insufficient. Complications of Hyperglycemia : Prolonged elevated blood glucose levels damage blood vessels and organs, leading to complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage (nephropathy), nerve damage (neuropathy), and retinal damage (retinopathy).

7. Risk factors Gestational Diabetes Overweight or obese before pregnancy Family history of diabetes Previous pregnancy with GDM Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Type 1 DM Family history of autoimmune diseases Genetic predisposition (e.g., HLA genes) Environmental triggers (e.g., viral infections) Type 2 DM Obesity, particularly central (abdominal) obesity Sedentary lifestyle Unhealthy diet (high in refined sugars and fats) Advancing age Family history of diabetes Ethnic background (higher risk in African, Hispanic, Native American, and Asian populations

8. Diagnosis Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) : Blood glucose levels after an overnight fast. Diabetes is diagnosed if FBS is ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) : Measures blood sugar two hours after consuming a glucose-rich drink. A result ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) confirms diabetes. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) : Reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3 months. A level ≥6.5% indicates diabetes. Random Blood Sugar Test : A result ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) with symptoms of diabetes can confirm the diagnosis.

9. Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Frequent urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Unexplained weight loss (especially in Type 1 DM) Increased hunger (polyphagia) Fatigue Blurred vision Slow-healing sores Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet

10. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus Acute Complications Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) (Type 1): A life-threatening condition due to a lack of insulin, leading to high blood sugar and ketone buildup. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) (Type 2): Extreme hyperglycemia without ketosis, resulting in dehydration and altered mental status. Chronic Complications Cardiovascular Disease : Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and hypertension. Nephropathy : Kidney damage that can lead to end-stage renal disease. Neuropathy : Nerve damage causing pain, tingling, or numbness, especially in the extremities. Retinopathy : Eye damage leading to blindness if untreated. Foot Damage : Poor circulation and neuropathy can result in serious infections or amputations.

11. Management of Diabetes Mellitus 1) Lifestyle Modifications Dietary Management : Focus on balanced meals with low glycemic index foods, controlled portions, and limited processed sugars. Physical Activity : Regular exercise to improve insulin sensitivity and aid in weight management. 2) Medications Type 1 DM : Requires insulin (via injections or pumps). Type 2 DM : Oral medications like metformin, sulfonylureas, or GLP-1 receptor agonists. Some patients may need insulin.

12. Management of Diabetes Mellitus 3) Self-Monitoring Regular blood glucose testing using a glucometer or continuous glucose monitor (CGM). Keeping track of daily fluctuations to adjust medication and diet. 4) Education and Support Diabetes education programs to teach patients how to manage their condition effectively. Support groups to provide psychological support.

13. Prevention Strategies Type 2 Diabetes Maintain a healthy weight through balanced diet and exercise. Regular physical activity (150 minutes per week). Reducing refined carbohydrates and processed sugars. Routine monitoring for high-risk individuals. Gestational Diabetes Maintaining a healthy weight before and during pregnancy. Regular prenatal check-ups to monitor glucose levels.

14. Conclusion Diabetes Mellitus is a manageable, but lifelong condition that requires diligent monitoring and a proactive approach to treatment. Early diagnosis and adherence to treatment plans can significantly reduce the risk of complications, allowing individuals with diabetes to lead healthy, active lives.