Diabetes mellitus Type 1 and Type 2

Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar. The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does make.

1. DIABETES MALLITUS: AZEEM ASLAM BS BIOCHEMISTRY LAHORE GARRISON UNIVERSITY

2. Diabetes mellitus , commonly known as  diabetes , is a metabolic disease that causes high blood sugar ( hyperglycemia). The hormone insulin moves sugar from the blood into your cells to be stored or used for energy. With  diabetes , your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does make. Diabetes Mellitus:

3. It is caused due to the deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance or both. The pancreas (an organ behind your stomach) produces little insulin or no insulin at all. Insulin is a naturally occurring hormone, produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, which helps the body use sugar for energy. Or The pancreas makes insulin, but the insulin made doesn't work as it should. This condition is called insulin resistance. Causes:

4. Diabetes mellitus:

5. Increased thirst Frequent urination Unexpected weight loss Increased fatigue Blurred vision Irritability Skin itchy Red, swollen and tender gums Slow healing sores Sign and symptoms of diabetes mellitus:

6. Common Diabetes Treatments:

7. There are two main types of diabetes:  Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes TYPES OF DIABETES:

8. Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It happens when your body attacks your pancreas with antibodies. The organ is damaged and doesn't make insulin. The pancreas makes little or no insulin, so sugar can’t get into the body's cells for use as energy. It is the most common form of diabetes in people who are under age 40, but it can occur at any age. Ten percent of people with diabetes are diagnosed with Type 1. TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS: (IDDM):

9. Type 1 diabetes:

10. It is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas makes insulin, but it either doesn't produce enough, or the insulin doesn't work properly. In the case of insulin resistance, the body is producing the insulin, but insulin sensitivity is reduced and it does not do the job as well as it should do. The glucose is not entering the body’s cells properly, causing two problems; A buildup of glucose in the blood The cells are not getting the glucose they need for energy and growth. This type occurs most often in people who are over 40 years old but can occur even in childhood if there are risk factors present. TYPE 2 DIABETES ( NIDDM):

11. Type 2 diabetes:

12. Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test: This blood test, which doesn’t require fasting, indicates your average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein in RBC’s. The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates that you have diabetes. Diagnose tests for diabetes mellitus:

13. If the A1C test results aren’t consistent, the test isn’t available, or you have certain conditions that can make the A1C test is inaccurate- such as if you are pregnant or have an uncommon form of hemoglobin- you doctor may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes: RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR TEST: A blood sample will be taken at a random time. Regardless of when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL-11.1mm/L or higher suggests diabetes. RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR TEST:

14. For this test, you fast overnight and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next 2 hours. less than 140 mg/ dL - normal. more than 200 mg/ dL after 2 hours- diabetes. 140 -199mg/ dL -prediabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test:

15. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin therapy to survive. Treatment for type 1 diabetes, involves injecting insulin into the fatty tissue just under your skin. You might use: Syringes Insulin pens that use prefilled cartridges and a thin needle Jet injectors that use high-pressure air to send a spray of insulin through your skin Pumps that send insulin through a tube to a catheter under the skin of your belly TREATMENT FOR TYPE 1 DIABETES:

16. It helps in the transportation of glucose across the cell membrane. Insulin activate the GLUT-4 (transporter of glucose) as a result of that glucose transportation occur across the cell. It helps in the formation of glucose. Insulin stimulate glycogen synthase enzymes Glucose glycogen Insulin inhibit the phosphorylase enzyme which convert the glycogen into glucose Insulin ∅ phosphorylase ACTION OF INSULIN:

17. Involves keeping a healthy weight, eating right, and exercising. Some people need medication, too. Oral diabetes medications are used in the treatment for TYPE 2 diabetes. Medicine within this category fall within one of several classes, including; Enhance insulin secretions: Sulfonylureas (KATP channel blocker), TOLBUTAMIDE etc. Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP1) Receptor agonist (injectable drug) , EXACENATIDE . Overcome insulin resistance: Beguanide (Ampk activator), METOPHORMIN TREATMENT FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES: