Diabetes mellitus(type one and type two)

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body processes glucose (blood sugar). Glucose is the primary source of energy for your body's cells, and insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is responsible for regulating glucose levels in your bloodstream. In people with diabetes, their body either doesn't produce enough insulin or can't effectively use the insulin it does produce.

There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in childhood or adolescence and is caused by a lack of insulin production. People with Type 1 diabetes require daily insulin injections or an insulin pump to manage their blood sugar levels.

Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is more common and usually develops in adulthood, although it is becoming more prevalent in children and adolescents. Type 2 diabetes is caused by a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production. Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes include obesity, physical inactivity, family history, and age.

Symptoms of diabetes can include frequent urination, excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious health complications, such as heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision loss.

Treatment for diabetes typically involves lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and monitoring blood sugar levels. Medications, such as insulin or oral medications, may also be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are important for monitoring blood sugar levels and identifying any potential complication s.

1. DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY FACULTY OF LIFE SCIENCES AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA BCHM425: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY PRESENTATION ON DIABETES BY GROUP 4 MEMBERS FEBRUARY, 2023 LECTURER: MR. O. ABBAS

2. S/N NAMES REG. NO. 1. HASSAN YAHAYA LIMAN U15BC1095 2. HUSSAINA IBRAHIM MELITAFI U17BC1005 3. IBITOYE TAIYE RUTH U17BC1098 4. IBRAHIM YUSUF SANI U16BC1130 5. IDRIS LAWAL U17BC1100 6. IDRIS SADAM MOHAMMED U17BC1025 7. INUWA ZAKARIYYA ABDULLAHI U17BC1104 8. JAKES SHARON EHOMAZINO U17BC1069 9. JIBRIL AHMAD U16BC1104 10. JOHN LADI U17BC1040 11. JUMARE AMINA JALAL U16BC1027 12. JUNAIDU SULEIMAN, BELLO U17BC1086 13. MOHAMMED ABDULRAZAK U17BC1032 GROUP MEMBERS

3. DEFINITION Diabetes, often referred to as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body’s cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination), they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).

4. DIABETES AS A METABOLIC DISORDER Diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is classed as a metabolism disorder. When our food is digested, the glucose makes its way into our bloodstream. Our cells use the glucose for energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter our cells without insulin being present - insulin makes it possible for our cells to take in the glucose. Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the glucose present in our blood into the cells.

5. TYPES OF DIABETES Type 1 Type 2 Gestational diabetes

6. TYPE 1 DIABETES Also known as juvenile diabetes Usually diagnosed in children and young adults When body’s own immune system destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas beta cells – which produce insulin People refer to this type as insulin-dependent diabetes. Only 5% of people have this disease.

7. TYPE 2 DIABETES Most common form of diabetes – about 90% of cases. Used to be called adult onset, non insulin dependent diabetes. Body produces insulin, but does not use it properly. Glucose doesn’t move into cells, they pile up in the bloodstream.

8. GESTATIONAL DIABETES Having diabetes during pregnancy Having gestational diabetes puts you at risk for diabetes type 2 Some women have very high levels of glucose in their blood, and their bodies are unable to produce enough insulin to transport all of the glucose into their cells, resulting in progressively rising levels of glucose.

9. The vast majority of patients with type 2 diabetes initially had prediabetes . Their blood glucose levels were higher than normal, but not high enough to merit a diabetes diagnosis. The cells in the body are becoming resistant to insulin. PREDIABETES

10. Frequent urination Disproportionate thirst Blurred vision Intense hunger Unusual weight loss Nausea, perhaps vomiting Increased fatigue Cuts and bruises don’t heal properly or quickly Itchy skin, especially in the vaginal area. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

11. Eye complications – diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, cataracts and some others. Foot complications - neuropathy, ulcers, and sometimes gangrene which may require that the foot be amputated Skin complications - people with diabetes are more susceptible to skin infections and skin disorders Heart problems - such as ischemic heart disease, when the blood supply to the heart muscle is diminished Hypertension - common in people with diabetes, which can raise the risk of kidney disease, eye problems, heart attack and stroke COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

12. The following tests are used for the diagnosis of diabetes: Fasting Blood Glucose Test. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Random Blood Glucose Test. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test. DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES

13. HOW TO MONITOR DIABETES TESTS NORMAL PREDIABETES DIABETES FBGT 99mg/dl 100-125mg/dl 126mg/dl & above OGTT 140mg/dl 140-199mg/dl 200mg/dl & above RBGT 100mg/dl 100-125mg/dl 126mg/dl & above

14. PREVENTION OF DIABETES Maintain and control sugar levels. Getting regular health checkups. Maintain a healthy lifestyle. Drink water as your primary beverage. Exercise regularly.

15. TREATMENTS OF DIABETES Taking insulin injection Counting carbohydrates, fats and proteins Taking high blood pressure medications Eating healthy foods Taking aspirin Exercising regularly Taking cholesterol lowering drugs

16. CONCLUSION There are two acute life-threatening complications of diabetes: hyperglycemia and acidosis (increased acidity of the blood). In patients with type 1 diabetes, insulin deficiency, if not recognized and treated properly, leads to severe hyperglycemia and also increase in lipolysis (the breakdown of lipids). In patients with type 2 diabetes, high blood glucose concentrations can lead to very severe and prolonged hyperglycemia and to marked polyuria.

17. Diabetes is a serious life-threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy lifestyle. RECOMENDATION

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