Diabetic foot ulcer By: Dr. mohd Hazim bin Abdullah medical officer, Wound team Hospital duchess of kent , Sandakan Wound Care Manual, First Edition 2014
introduction Diabetic foot is a foot that exhibits any pathology that results directly from diabetes mellitus or any long‐term (or "chronic") complication of diabetes mellitus ( Jeffcoate & Harding, 2003). Diabetic foot implies that the pathophysiological process of diabetes mellitus does something to the foot that puts it at increased risk for “tissue damage” and the resultant increase in morbidity and maybe amputation (Payne & Florkowski , 1998).
incidence Studies have indicated that diabetic patients have up to a 25% lifetime risk of developing a foot ulcer . The annual incidence of diabetic foot ulcers is ~ 3% to as high as 10%. (Armstrong and Lavery , 1998)
Risk factors History of ulceration Presence of neuropathy Presence of peripheral vascular disease Presence of foot deformity Inappropriate footwear Skin lesion Nail pathology Duration of diabetes Prolonged standing or walking Type of occupation
pathophysiology Neuropathy ‐ leads to skin dryness and cracks, foot deformity and loss of protective sense in the foot Microangiopathy /vascular disease ‐ lead to poor blood supply to the toes and foot and then ulcerate easily Immunopathy ‐ Defects in leukocyte function (leukocyte phagocytosis, neutrophil dysfunction) and also deficient white cell chemotaxis and adherence
Clinical presentation Soft tissue infections (superficial to deep tissue infection e.g. cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, etc.) Osteomyelitis (bone infection) Septic arthritis (joint infection) Gangrene (dry or wet) Chronic non‐healing ulcer Combination of more than one of the above mentioned condition
assessment History Examination
history Diabetic history Previous ulcer or amputation Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy Symptoms of peripheral vascular/ischemic problem Contributing factors Other complications of diabetes (eyes, kidney, heart etc ). Current ulcer
examination Previous amputation/ulcer Deformity and footwear Inspect web spaces ‐ signs of infection or wound Hypercallosity or nail deformity or paronychia Present of peripheral neuropathy with tuning folks, also monofilament and position sense. Peripheral pulses ‐ peripheral vascular disease Ankle‐brachial index (ABSI) Other relevant systems (renal, eye, heart etc ) Do not forget to examine the other foot!
Classification of the diabetic foot - wagner classification
management Objectives: Control infection Ulcer/wound management Prevent amputation Maintain pre‐morbid foot/lower extremity function as much as possible Prevent recurrent ulcer
General management A multidisciplinary approach Good diabetic control Systemic antibiotics (according to CPG on Antibiotic Guideline and also culture and sensitivity of the infected tissue) Optimize other co‐morbid complications. Advise to stop smoking
Local management Wound/ulcer management: depending on severity of wound; vascularity and also presence of infection. Debride infected/necrotic tissue follow by wound management (refer Wound care Algorithm in Chapter 17) Do not hesitate to perform re‐debridement if indicated. Amputation may be the treatment of choice. Minimize risk of re‐infection If indicated reestablished adequate blood supply (refer to chapter on arterial ulcer). Off loading with contact cast etc Good foot care and foot wear If no signs of healing after 2 weeks of treatment , reevaluate and looks for the cause .
Diabetic foot-care Foot inspection‐ minimally once a day Use lukewarm (air suam ), not hot water to wash feet Use gentle soap to bath/wash feet • Apply moisturizer to avoid dry feet – be careful with the web space and not too much (causing skin maceration) Proper nail cutting, avoid cutting too close/digging nail fold. Wear clean, dry socks (NEVER use heating pad or hot water bottle) to keep foot warm Avoid walk barefooted . Wear comfortable well fitting shoe (not too tight or too loose), evening is the best time to buy shoe. Shake out shoes and feel the inside before wearing Never treat corns or calluses themselves Good diabetic control Stop smoking Periodic foot examination by relevant personals Keep the blood flowing to feet (elevate, wiggers toes, moving ankle) , avoid cross‐leg or hanging leg/feet too long
Take home messages Good glycemic control, regular foot assessment; including vascular and neurological assessment; to prevent diabetic foot ulcer. The main underlying cause of diabetic foot ulcer is chronic pressure ‐ think of off loading. Diabetic foot ulcer needs multidisciplinary approach