DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER

DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER� updated

1. DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER updated Dr.T.V.Rao MD Dr.T.V.Rao MD 1

2. Typhoid fever common problem in developing Countries

3. Manifest with Rose spots High fever Diarrhea Typhoid Meningitis Aches and pains Chest congestion

4. Clinical manifestation Head ache, malise,anorexia ,coated tongue Abdominal discomfort, Constipation / Diarrhea Step ladder type fever, Relative bradycardia, A soft palpable spleen Hepatomegaly Rose spots appear Dr.T.V.Rao MD 4

5. Over view of Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Infection with typhoid or paratyphoid fever results in a very low-grade septicaemia. A single blood culture is positive in only half of cases. Stool culture is not usually positive during the early phase of the disease. Bone marrow culture increases the diagnostic yield to about 80% of cases. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5

6. Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Selective media, such as Deoxycholate-citrate agar or xylose-lysine Deoxycholate agar, are used for the isolation of salmonella bacteria from faeces. Fluid enrichment media, such as Tetrathionate or selenite broth, are also useful to detect small numbers of salmonellae in faeces, foods or environmental samples. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 6

7. Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Suspicious colonies from the culture plates are tested directly for the presence of Salmonella somatic (O) antigens by slide agglutination and subcultured to peptone water for the determination of flagellar (H) antigen structure and further biochemical analysis. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 7

8. Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever A presumptive diagnosis of salmonellosis can often be made within 24 h of the receipt of a specimen, although confirmation may take another day, and formal identification of the serotype takes several more days. A negative report must await the result of enrichment cultures - at least 48 h. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8

9. How we Diagnose Typhoid Fever Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar ). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria, dysentery or pneumonia, a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of Widal test and cultures of the blood and stool. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9

10. Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever 1 Isolation of Bacilli. A Gold standard 2 Diagnosis for presence of Antibodies, Positive Blood culture – A gold standard Isolation from Feces and Urine ? Detection of Antibodies Inconclusive. Newer methods Detection of antigen in Blood and Urine Dr.T.V.Rao MD 10

11. Blood Culture 1 st week Positive in 90 % 2 nd week Positive in 75 % 3 rd week Positive in 60 % > 3 weeks positive in 25 % Draw 5 – 10 cc of Blood by venipuncture. ADD to 50 -100 ml of Bile broth. Incubate at 37 c /Subculture in MacConkey At regular intervals Dr.T.V.Rao MD 11

12. Blood Cultures in Typhoid Fevers Bacteremia occurs early in the disease Blood Cultures are positive in 1 st week in 90% 2 nd week in 75% 3 rd week in 60% 4 th week and later in 25% Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12

13. Castaneda’s method of Blood Culture Double medium used Solid/Liquid medium in the same Bottle. Bottle contains Bile broth/agar slant, For subculture the bottle is merely tilted. A subculture into MacConkey at regular intervals, Reduces the chances of contamination Increases the chances of isolation. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 13

14. Salmonella on Mac Conkey's agar Dr.T.V.Rao MD 14

15. Salmonella on XLD agar Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15

16. Clot culture Clot cultures are more productive in yielding better results in isolation. A blood after clotting, the clot is lysed with Streptokinase ,but expensive to perform in developing countries. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16

17. Bactec and Radiometric based methods are in recent use Bactek methods in isolation of Salmonella is a rapid and sensitive method in early diagnosis of Enteric fever. Many Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratories are upgrading to Bactek methods Dr.T.V.Rao MD 17

18. Biochemical Characters Non Lactose fermenter, Motile Indole – MR + VP - Citrate + Ferment Glu/Mal/Man Do not ferment Lactose/Sucrose Dr.T.V.Rao MD 18

19. Slide agglutination tests In slide agglutination tests a known serum and unknown culture isolate is mixed, clumping occurs within few minutes Commercial sera are available for detection of A, B,C 1, C 2, D, and E. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 19

20. Culturing other Specimens Feces Enrichment in Tetrathionate broth and Selenite broth Culturing in MacConkey/DCA/Wilson Blair medium – Large black colonies. Urine Culture – positive in 25 % Other samples Bone Marrow,Bile,CSF/Sputum Dr.T.V.Rao MD 20

21. Why we still use Widal test The Widal test is an old serologic assay for detecting IgM and IgG to the O and H antigens of salmonella. The test is unreliable but is widely used in most developing countries because of its low cost. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 21

22. Serology WIDAL Test – Tube agglutination test. Detects O and H antibodies Diagnosis of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Testing for H agglutinins in Dryers tubes, a narrow tube floccules at the bottom Testing for O agglutinins in Felix tubes, Chalky Incubated at 37 º c overnight Dr.T.V.Rao MD 22

23. Widal Test In 1896 Widal A professor of pathology and internal medicine at the University of Paris (1911–29), he developed a procedure for diagnosing typhoid fever based on the fact that antibodies in the blood of an infected individual cause the bacteria to bind together into clumps (the Widal reaction). Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23

24. Widal test S.typhi O and H tubes Paratyphi A/B H agglutinins only Common antigens O in all Factor sharing 12 Significance I st week negative. Titers raise in 2nd week Raise of titers diagnostic Dr.T.V.Rao MD 24

25. Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Widal test Serum agglutinins raise abruptly during the 2 nd or 3 rd week The Widal test detects antibodies against O and H antigens Two serum specimens obtained at intervals of 7 – 10 days to read the raise of antibodies. Serial dilutions on unknown sera are tested against the antigens for respective Salmonella False positives and False negative limits the utility of the test The interpretative criteria when single serum specimens are tested vary Cross reactions limits the specificity

26. Widal Test Single test not diagnostic. Paired samples tests Diagnostic. O > 1 in 80 H > 1in 160 H agglutinins appear first False positives in Unapparent infection, Immunization Previously infected Dr.T.V.Rao MD 26

27. Widal test Anamnestic response previous infection and responding to unrelated infection Other Diagnostic tests CIE and ELISA Detection of Circulating antigens Co agglutination test. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27

28. Limitation of Widal Test The Widal test is time consuming and often times when diagnosis is reached it is too late to start an antibiotic regimen. In spite of several limitation many Physicians depend on Widal Test Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28

29. False Positive and Negative Reactions with WIDAL Test The Widal test should be interpreted in the light of baseline titers in a healthy local population. This is especially important when there is a high local prevalence of non-typhoid salmonellosis. The Widal test may be falsely positive in patients who have had previous vaccination or infection with S typhi. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 29

30. False Positive and Negative Reactions with WIDAL Test Widal titers have also been reported in association with the dysgammaglobulinaemia of chronic active hepatitis and other autoimmune diseases.64 '8 '9 False negative results may be associated with early treatment, with "hidden organisms" in bone and joints, and with relapses of typhoid fever. Occasionally the infecting strains are poorly immunogenic. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 30

31. Diagnosis of Carriers and Environments Fecal carriers by isolation from specimens. or Bile aspirated. Sewer swabs Bacteriophage typing Dr.T.V.Rao MD 31

32. Culturing and Identifying remain the Gold standard Newer serologic assays for S. enterica serotype Typhi infection are occasionally used in outbreak situations and are somewhat more sensitive and specific than the Widal test, but are not an adequate substitute for blood, stool, or bone marrow culture. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 32

33. Is there a definitive test to diagnose T yphoid fever Because there is no definitive serologic test for typhoid or paratyphoid fever, the initial diagnosis often has to be made clinically. The combination of a history of risk for infection and a gradual onset of fever that increases in severity over several days should raise suspicion of typhoid or paratyphoid fever. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 33

34. Newer methods in diagnosis of T yphoid Fever The serum samples can be tested by using newer methods Multi-Test Dip-S-Ticks, TyphiDot , and TUBEX to detect immunoglobulin G ( IgG ), IgG and IgM , and IgM , respectively. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 34

35. Immunoassays in Typhoid Fever The immunoassay is also used for the diagnosis. The immunoassay are based on the detection of the O and Vi antigens of S . typhi in blood or urine using conglutination, ELISA, or counter current immunoelectrophoresis . Dr.T.V.Rao MD 35

36. Experimental and Molecular Methods Polymerase chain reaction and DNA probe method attempt to employ S.typhi genes and hybridize them with labelled specific gene probes were also used. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 36

37. Key points Antibiotics have no place in the management of salmonella gastroenteritis unless invasive complications are suspected. Clean water, sanitation and hygienic handling of foodstuffs are the keys to prevention. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37

38. Coalition against Typhoid Since May 2011, the Coalition against Typhoid (CaT) has featured monthly articles in the WHO’s Global Immunization Newsletters (GIN). The articles, written by CaT members from around the world, highlight important work being done to accelerate adoption of typhoid vaccines. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 38

39. Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical and Paramedical students in the Developing world Email [email protected] Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39