DIALYZER

During hemodialysis, a hemodialyzer, or artificial kidney, is used to filter fluids and wastes from a dialysis patient's blood. Reuse of a hemodialyzer means that the same hemodialyzer (filter) is used more than once for the same patient. When dialyzers are reused, they are cleaned and disinfected after each treatment.

1. PRESENTED BY; AMAR PANDEY { 170133103019} BIOMEDICAL DEPARTMENT TOPIC :- Dialyzer

2. Overview dialysis machines are artificial kidney that perform most, but not all, kidney function for patients who have permanent or temporary renal failure The machine use HEMODIALYSIS to cleanse the blood and balance its constituents. History Introduction Dr .Willem KOLFF is considered the father of dialysis This young Dutch physician constructed the first dialyzer (artificial kidney) in 1943. The road to Willem KOLFF’S creation of an artificial kidney began in the late 1930 When he was working in a small ward at the university of Groningen hospital in the Netherlands.

3. Dialyzer In HEMO DIALYSIS, blood is removing from the body and filtered through a man made membrane called a dialyzer or artificial kidney and then the filtered blood is returned o the body. The average person has about 10 to 12 pints of blood during dialysis only one pint (about two cups ) is outside of the body at a time High clearance of small and medium MW toxins Adequate UF Negligible losses of protiens and amino acids Non toxic composition Minimal activation of cell or thrombotic pathways Minimal blood volume Reliability Reusability Low cost

4. Components A dialyzer is composed of a dialysis membrane and supporting structure three or four components. Blood compartment. DIALYSATE compartment. Semi permeable membrane separating (1)and(20). Membrane support structure . Dialysis work on the principle of the diffusion of solutes and ultra filtration of fluid across a SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBARANE . Principle

5. The dialysis machine mixes and monitors the DIALYSATE. DIALYSATE is the fluid that helps remove the unwanted waste products from your blood . It also HEPLS get your electrolytes and minerals to their proper levels in your body. The machine also monitors the flow of your blood while it outside of your body . WORKING

6. STRUCTURE

7. DIALYZER MEMBRANE Cellulose: Obtained form processed cotton (regenerated cellulose, cuprammonium cellulose, cuprammonium rayon and saponified cellulose) Substituted cellulose: Cellulose polymer has a large number of free hydroxyl group at its surface Free hydroxyl group are responsible for blood cell activation causing bio- incompatibiltiy of the dialyzer (cellulose acetate, cellulose diacetate, triacetate)

8. DIALYZER MEMBRANE Cellulosynthetic : A synthetic material ( a tertiary amino compound) is added to liquefied cellulose during formation of the membrane as result the surface of the membrane is altered and biocompatibility is increased ( cellosyn or hemphan ) Synthetics: Not cellulose based but are synthetic plastics and materials used include polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polysulfone , polycarbonate, polyamide and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA)

9. Coil dialyzer: Flattened cellulose tubing wrapped as a coil and through which patients blood flow during dialysis. The blood channels was long to obtain the needed surface area, and resistance was high UF was unpredictable and blood leak were frequent. DIALYZER TYPES

10. 2. PARALLEL PLATE DIALYZER Sheets of membrane are placed between supporting plates. The plates have ridges and grooves to support the membrane and allow flow of dialysate along it Resistance to blood flow is low. The surface area vary from 0.25 to 1.5 msq . Advantage: Blood volume is about 50-100 ml at 100 mmHg increase with high TMP Heparin requirement usually low, minimal clotting in the blood compartment Ultrafiltration is reasonably predictable and controllable Disadvantage: Formation of local thrombi around inlet and outlet ports and corners May lead to bacterial growth and endotoxin formation therefore plates are not often reused

11. 3. HOLLOW FIBER DIALYZER Numerous hollow fiber Hollow fiber are tiny its diameter 150-250um Number of fiber20000 or more, depending upon length, kind of membraneand surface area of dialyzer Advantage : Low blood volume 60-90ml Resistance to blood flow is low Ultrafiltration can be precisely controlled Well adapted to reuse Disadvantage: Deaeration of fiber predialysis is necessary to prevent air lock of the fibers More heparin is required for most of the patients Adverse patient reaction

12. REACTION TO MEMBRANES Type A reaction Within minutes of starting dialysis with Dyspnoea , wheeze A feeling of warmth, urticaria Cough, hypotension Collapse or cardiac arrest Type B reaction More common but much milder often occur 20-40 min after starting dialysis Usually cause back and chest pain

13. Easy to cleaning and disinfecting The device has flow rate of blood UPTO 600 ml/min . Fluid exchanges batteries because to provide uninterruptable power supply . ADVANTAGES HEMODOIALYSIS IS ASSOCITED with a restriction in the intake of fluid and dietary CHANGES,WHICH may be difficult for some people to adjust to. The reuse of dialyzer is associated with environment contamination Allergic reaction residual chemical infusion (rebound release) DISADVANTAGES

14. In medicine, dialysis is a process for removing waste and excess water from he blood and in used primarily a as an artificial replacement for lost kidney functions in people with kidney failure . Application

15. Thank you