Diapositivas de historia de la literatura.pptx

Diapositivas de historia de la literatura.pptx

1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL JORGE BASADRE GROHMANN Escuela Profesional de ... NOMBRE: titulo

2. INTRODUCTION In the present work we will present important points about the kind of American literature , about its beginnings , how literature was influenced by European cultures that allowed the development of autochthonous and native literature , the first features of literature had religious nuances , with a production of stories , customs transmitted orally from generation to generation and that were written in different languages ​​and variants and with the passage of time literature began to deal with broader themes in this way we can see how American literature evolved , in each stage of American history . literature great writers known worldwide stand out for their works that lead us to discover pure literature at each stage we will learn about topics that inspired the author . American literature shows us the thought of that time, the revolutionary ideas that have fed creativity and spirit with multiple readings In this work we will show books and authors , but also some of the historical and social implications related to the subject . Of course , being such a vast production , it will be impossible to talk about all the outstanding authors and books . I only intend that this brief introduction serves as an incentive to investigate further and start reading this type of book .

3. What is literature ? Literature is written works , which traditionally use imaginative works of poetry and prose characterized by the ingenuity of their authors and the ability to carry them out . Literature can be classified according to a variety of systems , such as language , origin , historical period , genre , and subject matter . ( Rexroth , 2020) . CHAPTER I

4. The word “ Literature ” is the modification of a Latin word ( literra , litteratura or litteratus ) that means “ writing formed with letters ”. Literature is an artistic and intellectual written work . Painting , dance and music are one of the Fine Arts that enchant readers . it differs from other works written by an ideal that is aesthetic beauty . a written work not only serves to entertain , but must show grace . poetry , literature , theater or prose are mixtures of intellectual work and aesthetic beauty that please the reader . (Sana, 2020) . Zong ( 1986) . “A truly realistic and revolutionary art and literature offer man the most beautiful and noble aspects of human life .” (p.01) Orozco y Correa (1998 ) “ Literature is an art that encompasses the various feelings of passion , love , and hate of the human being , with the strength and intensity that the power of the written word has.” (p. 35).

5. Why is Literature Important ? Literary works provide an outline for human society. the earliest writings of the ancient civilizations of Egypt and China are their Greek philosophy and poetry, as well as the epics from Homer to the works of William Shakespeare, from Jane Austen and Charlotte Bronte to Maya Angelou, works of literature provide insight and context to all societies in the world. In this way, literature is not only a historical or cultural setting; it serves as an implementation to a new world of experience. But what we consider to be literature can vary from one generation to the next. For instance, Herman Melville's 1851 novel "Moby Dick" was considered a disappointment by contemporary critics, but today it is recognized as a masterpiece for its thematic complexity and use of symbolism. "Moby Dick" is the understanding of the literary traditions of that time. (Lombardi, 2020).

6. Quotes About Literature Here are some quotes about the giants of literature: Robert Louis Stevenson: "The difficulty of literature is not to write, but to write what you mean; not to affect your reader, but to affect him precisely as you wish.“ Jane Austen, "Northanger Abbey": "The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid.“ William Shakespeare, "Henry VI": “I’ll call for pen and ink and write my mind.” (Lombardi, 2020).

7. EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF LITERATURE 01 Primitive Conception Literature was understood as a religious expression that was like a ritual activity demonstrated by the society of the time and in the oral form this activity was transmitted from generation to generation. 02 Classical Conception Literature was a mimesis, that is, an imitation of reality in which the model of slave society is reflected.

8. 03 Medieval Conception Literatura takes another perspective, this time its orientation will be theological (by God and for God), its goal was to achieve the grace of God. 04 Renaissance Conception The decline of feudalism and the ocentrism brought about a complete change. the main concern was no longer God, but man who would seek to satisfy his needs through all disciplines such as literature. In this sense, this discipline will be conceived as an instrument to meet those needs. 05 Romantic Conception Literature will be based on an exacerbated individualism originated by the capitalist system that seeks to break with all literary precepts to make way for an ideal world, imaginary fantasy. (Perez, 2006, pp.9-10)

9. Periods of American Literature The history of American literature has more than 400 years. It is divided into five major periods, with unique characteristics, notable authors, and representative works. CHAPTER II Kind of Literature

10. Beowulf It is an angloxason epic poem written in old English consists of 3,182 lines considered one of the oldest English poems that are preserved, the author is unknown. It is said that its origin dates from the VII to XII century A.D. The first transcription of the poem was made by the Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin in 1818. It has two parts: the first takes place during Beowulf's youth, how he helps the Danes, who were suffering from attacks by a gigantic monster called Grendel, and after killing him, he confronts his terrible mother in her lair, managing to emerge victorious. The second part takes about fifty years later, Beowulf was the king of the geats . a thief stealing a treasure from the dragon, causes them to start burning all the villages. Beowulf, with a group of warriors, confronts him. His strength was not the same, but with the experience that the years have given him, he manages to kill the dragon, but is mortally wounded

11. The poem is wrapped in Christianity, but the world of Beowulf and his contemporaries was pagan. The story takes place within the Germanic warrior culture of pre-Christian times. Lords such as Hrothgar and Beowulf arranged ostentosed banquets, they lead their armies into battle, and reward their followers with treasure and gifts. Themes

12. CHAPTER III Native American Literature, Also Called Indian Literature or American Indian Literature Native Americans exercised their memory to transmit wisdom word for word. "Oral transmission" instructed ethics, ecology, religion, or government, also record ancient migrations, catastrophes, battles, and heroism. (Oxford University Press,2018) Pietro (2020), afirma : The Native American written literary tradition, which included European literary genres such as poetry and fiction, began in the 18th century when Native Americans began to spread historical and cultural accounts of their peoples during the 19th century. The traditional oral and written literatures of the indigenous peoples of America. included ancient hieroglyphic and pictographic writings of Middle America and an extensive group folktales, myths, and oral histories that were spread for centuries.

13. an artistic value was given to the rhythm obtained from the repetition and a dramatic effect, the listener was aware, when the number of incidents had been counted, some supernatural character would come to the aid of the hero, even they sang to him. General Characteristics Folktales were a part of the social and cultural life of American Indian and Eskimo peoples no matter whether they were sedentary agriculturists or nomadic hunters. In Native American traditions the sacred was joined groups of four (it was represented the cardinal directions and the deities associated with each) or seven (the cardinal directions and deities of skyward, earthward, and centre ). the hero would kill both the monsters and the number of brothers who had gone out on the same adventure.

14. Autobiography was one of the important genres that Native American authors borrowed from the Euro-American literary tradition and adjust to its own experiences. Many nineteenth-century Native American autobiographies proceed from a Christian habit known as "testifying" it reflect the reality authors educated in evangelist schools. (Native american literature, 2019) Autobiography

15. Millisaw (2017), afirma : A folk tale: is a story from an oral or written tradition. Oral histories were ancient tales studied by storytellers and passed down from generation to generation. The narrators preserved the essence of the story, adding their own details each time they told it. Literary tales were protected by priests, travelers, entertainers, and writers. They were collected in books and transmitted from one country to another. A tall tale: is a folktale is about hero solving problem in a humorous way. Tall such has features exaggerated, incredible details it were created by various cultures as the ancient Greeks, Romans and Celts. European tall tales are called Munchhausen tales, after the 18th century German storyteller Baron Karl Munchhausen. tall tales were inspired by the wide of the American frontier, and they were told as anecdotes about the storyteller's own adventures or his encounter with a frontier hero. The Difference Between a Tall Tale and a Folktale

16. The first European colonist in North America wrote about their experiences in the 17th century. This was the oldest American literature: useful, natural, that come from the literature of Great Britain guide the future. The first days, during the 1600s, American literature was held by practical nonfiction written by British colonist who provided the colonies that would be the United States. John Smith wrote stories about Virginia supported on his own experiences as an English explorer and leader of the Jamestown Colony. These stories were published in 1608 and 1624, one of the earliest works of American literature. John Winthrop and Nathaniel Ward wrote books about religion, a topic of restlessness in colonist America. Anne Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650) was a collection of poetry written in America, but it was published in England. CHAPTER IV The Colonial and Early National Period (17th century to 1830)

17. The United States declared its independence in 1776 and new works proposed the future of the country. American poetry and fiction were the aspiration that was published foreigner in Britain, and much of what was devoured by American readers were from Britain. A New Era The Federalist Papers (1787-1788) by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, molded the political course of the United States. Benjamin Franklin's autobiography was written in the 1770s and 1780s, recounting the story of his American life. Phillis Wheatley, an oppressed African woman in Boston, in 1773 wrote the first African American book, Poems with Religious and Moral topics. Philip Freneau was another important poet of the time. William Hill Brown in 1789 published the first American novel, "The Power of Sympathy.“ one of the first of oppression and strengths narrative was Olaudah Equiano's autobiography, The Interesting Narrative in 1789. In the first decades of the 19th century, a new American literature began to appear. It proceed from British literary tradition, the short stories and novels were published in 1800 to 1820s start to detail how American society was and explore the panorama without antecedent.

18. In the Colonist and Early National Period, there were various literary topics. When the 13 colonies were established, they were divided. This can be seen by the great difference between their works and literary topics. However, time was passed and the public were unity also did their literary topics. Their topics of population american united were emboided in gazette, sermon, and pamphlets such as "The American Crisis." important authors and powerful people of the time such as Franklin, Paine, Jefferson, and Henry demand unity, independence, and uniformity. These topics encouraged the public of America to revolt against their oppressors. ( Silar , J, american literatura ) Literary Themes

19. Puritan New England's Congregational had to attend the church weekly because it was primordial, and being a member of the church was not easy. belong to the church was one of the most important reason in the lives of colonial New Englanders; of course debate over the constitution of churches were some of the precept that incited emigration from England in the seventeenth century. Possible church members have to deliver testimonies to prove themselves worthy to the minister. Bradford was one of the Puritan Separatists who came out from Leyden in 1620 and arrived at Plymouth. He became leader in 1621 and stayed until his death in 1657. In 1630 he wrote the first work of his history, Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford wrote a Puritan plain style to understand the landscape that he, and other Puritans, saw several event of the history of that time. (Gray,2012, p.28) Puritan Narratives

20. John Winthrop had good reason to believe in authority, and a greater claim on his ability to argue, when he faced the challenge of Anne Hutchinson 1591-1643. Winthrop described a woman in her journal as "of ready wit and bold spirit", Hutchinson showed that good deeds were not a sign of God's blessing. This represented a serious duel for the power of the Puritan oligarchy, which in fact had Winthrop at its head. (Gray, 2012, p.32) Challenges to the Puritan Oligarchy

21. Romanticism is a manner of thinking that estimates the subject over the mass, the subjective over the objective, and a person's emotional experience over reason. Romanticism began in Europe in the 18th century, and American writers appropriated it in the early 19th century. Another branch of Romanticism is dark romanticism. The most known dark romanist is Edgar Allen Poe. In “The Fall of the House of Usher” it exhibits dark romanticism with the use of single effect and gothic style. Single effect is writing with a particular result, and gothic style is literary tradition that came to be from the gothic architecture in the middle ages. These turn of writing achieve dark romanticism. CHAPTER V The Romantic Period (1830 to 1870)

22. The theme of romanticism is the inquiry for the individual to define themselves. One way for a person to find themselves is by middle of intuition. Intuition is the idea that everyone is born with instinct, If a person is able to have a feeling of caution or know religion then they are closer to finding themselves. Through Romanticism writings it is inferred that through nature one can find themselves, but through isolation comes about evil. the elements of Romanticism are focused on the inquiry of the individual and how they are defined themselves. Literary Theme

23. Edgar Allan Poe a romantic poet a genius one of the best storyteller, he was considered one of the expert of the horror story during the 1830s and until his enigmatic death in 1849. The poem “The Raven” (1845) is a dismal description of lost love. Its vigor is intensified by meter and rhyme. The Transcendentalists expressed an ideology that saw creation a whole. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote prestigious essays Henry David Thoreau wrote Walden (1854), a lonely narrative his life by Walden Pond. Key Authors and their Works

24. Margaret Fuller was editor of The Dial, an important relevant magazine. Hawthorne influenced Melville's Moby Dick in 1851. Walt Whitman wrote poetry about his home. He declined the traditional rhyme and meter in his work "Leaves of Grass" 1855.that it went through many editions, to be an emblem in American poetry.

25. William Wells Brown published the first African-American novel, " Clotel ," in 1853. He also wrote the first African-American play, "The Escape," in 1858. In 1859 the first black women spread fiction in the United States they were: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper and Harriet E. Wilson. In 1850s, the United States went through a civil war, several stories were written about enslaved and free African Americans.

26. Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, first published in 1851 and then in 1852, changed the way people thought about and opposed slavery in the North. Emily Dickinson wrote beautiful poems, but only a few of her poems were published before her death in 1886; because men dominated the literary scene. However, his poems express a romantic vision.

27. The Civil War in the United States had mortality cup was high more than 2.3 million soldiers combat in the war, and about 851,000 people died in 1861-1865. Walt Whitman said that “a great literature will be reborn out of the period of those four years,” and what sprouted in the following decades was a literature without details and an unembellished vision of the world as it truly was. This was the essence of realism. Naturalism was an intensified form of realism. After the dark realities of a sad war, they became writers' primary mode of expression. Samuel Clemens figured in the short story “The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,” published in 1865, which laned him to national fame. Twain's story was a funny tall tale, but its American characters were reals. Twain made a combination of humor and realism with his writing. Naturalism as realism, was a literary movement that inspired French authors of the 19th century who searched for documents, through fiction, the reality that they saw in their environment, especially among the middle and working classes living in cities. CHAPTER VI Realism and Naturalism (1870 to 1910)

28. In the 19th century, realism in literature and art began in France. after the French Revolution, stories about the aristocracy were no longer desired, as France had eliminated the royal family by becoming a republic. This period of social and political change in Europe. The Industrial Revolution gave birth to the new middle class, industry changed the landscape and the types of work people did. Literary realism was rejected to the changes. Readers saw their own realities displayed in the stories they read, and writers saw an occasion to comment on social and political topics in their books. The Birth of Realism in Literature

29. Its contemporary setting are stories written in its environment. Represent life as a reality (realistic characters and settings) Its component is the moral dilemma. Research the lives of middle class and working class people. Makes a social or political comment. Characteristics of Realistic Fiction Realistic literature: 01 02 03 04 05

30. Naturalism focus on poor or working class characters. What is the Difference Between Realism and Naturalism in Literature? Realism, in fiction it centers on the lives of poor characters, living quality is realistic. It do not have finery and the characters are not heroes. Realistic novels present middle class characters, telling the stories from their points of view.

31. After Americans discovered the rudeness of the Civil War, American authors represent ordinary life instead of fantasy events. Because of this, the works of the Realism period is based on the lives of common people. Topics of survival and violence used to represent the reality. These two topics were seen in the majority of Mark Twain's works in Stephen Crane's An Episode of War. Naturalist authors included the topics of fortune and the contest between man and nature. The topic of fate can be seen Mary Chestnut's Civil War Naturalist elements can be seen in a passage of War. Literary Themes

32. KEY AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS Was a remarkable American writer who appropriated naturalism. "His Sister Carrie" in 1900 is the most important American naturalist novel. Maggie “A Girl of the Streets” (1893) Stephen Crane “The Red Badge of Courage “(1895) Frank Norris “McTeague” (1899) “The Octopus” (1901), and “The Pit “(1903) Are works that represent the reality of urban life, war and capitalism Theodore Dreiser

33. African-American writer his black dialect poetry "Possum", "When de Co'n Pone's Hot" which were famous to whites for reality to black Americans. Dunbar wrote non-dialect poems "We Wear the Mask," "Sympathy" that exposed the reality of racism in America during Reconstruction. Paul Laurence Dunbar

34. Here some of his notable novels: The American (1877) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) What Maisie Knew (1897) The Wings of the Dove (1902) The Golden Bowl (1904) shared the point of view of realist and naturalistic literature that presented reality, but his writing style and usage create a different experience. He was concerned about the clash of values between the United States and Europe. His works show characteristics of realism and naturalism of the 19th century and modernism of the 20th century. Henry James

35. In Western countries Advances of science and technology, development fast at the start of the 20th century and brought the progress. The disaster of World War I and the Great Depression occasion pain suffering in Europe and the United States. These contradictions were found within modernism, the radical break from the past. It was an act of destruction, and it caused a loss of faith in traditional beliefs. However the modernist period resulted to be one of the richest and most productive in American literature. Disillusionment and loss permeate American modernist fiction in that sense it was focused on specific individuals, or directed at American society or civilization. It can generate a destructive impulse, or express hope for change. CHAPTER VII The Modernist Period (1910 to 1945)

36. T. S. Eliot American by birth and, in 1927, decided to be British by choice. His fragmentary and multifaceted The Waste Land (1922) is the modernist poem, but his was not a conquering voice among American modernist poets. KEY AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS Ernest Hemingway's early novels The Sun Also Rises (1926) and A Farewell to Arms (1929) issue the disavowal of the Lost Generation. 1920s Edna St. Vincent Millay, Marianne Moore and E.E. Cummings expressed a spirit of revolution and trial in their poetry.

37. For the first time early 20th in the United States Drama gain notoriete , the dramatists inspiration from European theater but created works that were unique and enduringly American. The Inventions of Modernism

38. Imagism started the twentieth century the topics were safety and sentimentality. “which are inspired by the flat spaces and wide horizons of the virgin prairie” and to the belief that “poetic ideas are expressed by concrete objects”. Hilda Doolittle was an American writer and her pseudonym was H.D. Pound was looking for good poetry to send to Harriet Monroe in Chicago and found it in both the work of H.D. Richard Aldington in 1912, Pound informed them, that they were imagists. He then produced an anthology, which appeared in 1914. The anthology was poorly accepted, and Pound himself turned to vorticism , a form of imagism that focuses on the dynamic nature of the image. (Gray,2012p.359) Imagism, Vorticism , and Objectivism

39. Direct treatment of the "thing", whether subjective or objective. Do not use words that do not help the presentation. In rhythm: write in the sequence of musical expression, not in the sequence of a metronome. Rules Should Apply when Writing Poetry

40. The United States entered the Cold War in the late 1940s. Its problem with the Soviet Union changed world politics for four decades, influencing a new form of American literature during the second half of the 20th century. The 1950s and 1960s brought significant cultural changes within the United States. The civil rights movement and the women's movement allow writers to write about dead white men who had created Art and living white men doing the same. 21st century, American literature was difficult and inclusive story based on various writings made in the United States by public of different origin. Literature written by African Americans in the contemporary period was shaped in many ways by Richard Wright, whose autobiography Black Boy was published in 1945. He left the United States for France after World War II, helpless by the injustice and discrimination that faced as black man in america other black writers who worked from the 1950s to the 1970s struggle to escape an unjust society and change it. CHAPTER VIII The Contemporary Period (1945 to present)

41. KEY OF AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man (1952) is about an anonymous black man unknown to the United States. A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry , a play about racism in Chicago, performed in 1959.

42. James Baldwin wrote essays, novels, and plays about race and sexuality. His first novel, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953), was important and notable.

43. Gwendolyn Brooks in 1950 was the first African-American poet to win a Pulitzer Prize. The Black Arts movement has conviction of black nationalism that creates only black consciousness. The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965), by Malcolm X and Alex Haley, is one notable literary expression.

44. Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye (1970), was her first work that became her a writer. She received a Nobel Prize in 1993.

45. The American Novel of World War II, such as Realist, metafictional, postmodern, absurdist, autobiographical, short, long, fragmentary, feminist, these high-ranking American novelists are held together by their chronological proximity in contemporary American society. Norman Mailer “The Naked and the Dead “(1948), “The Executioner’s Song “(1979) Vladimir Nabokov” Lolita” (1955) Jack Kerouac “On the Road” (1957) Thomas Pynchon “The Crying of Lot 49” (1966) Kurt Vonnegut “Slaughterhouse-Five” (1969) Eudora Welty “The Optimist’s Daughter “(1972) Philip Roth “ Portnoy’s Complaint” (1969), “American Pastoral” (1997) Ursula K. Le Guin ” The Left Hand of Darkness “(1969) Saul Bellow: “Humboldt’s Gift” (1975) Toni Morrison “Song of Solomon” (1977), “Beloved” (1987) Alice Walker “The Color Purple” (1982) In the 1960s, Alice Walker wrote novels, poetry, and short stories depicting her involvement in the civil rights movement.

46. MOVEMENTS IN CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE 01 Black Mountain Poets A team of writers who work in several places Black Mountain College, in Black Mountain, North Carolina. They included Larry Eigner , Denise Levertov, Robert Duncan, Robert Creeley , and more. 02 Confessional Poetry A personal style of poetry from a first-person narrator was used. It begins in the United States in the 1950s. Writers who are part of this movement include: Robert Lowell, Elizabeth Bishop, and Sylvia Plath.

47. 03 Beat Generation Another literary movement started after World War II known for its liberal lifestyle. a team of this movement were writers like: Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs. The Beat movement had a short period with lasting influence on American poetry during the contemporary period. Allen Ginsberg's Howl (1956) left traditional formal poetic that had come to dominate American poetry. Howl restore Americans' expectations of poetry during the second half of the 20th century.

48. Here are a few of the characteristics contemporary literature. Portray the current in the political, social, and personal of the time. Realistic characters. Writing form must be easy to read. TRY with new genres. Characteristics of Contemporary Period Literature

49. Some common topics in contemporary literature incorporate coming of age, salvation, good versus evil, anger, feminism, oppression etc. What are the Themes of Contemporary Literature?

50. Related Literary Terms 01 Early Modern Period A period of European literature that came before the advance of the novel in the 18th century. 02 Experimentalism Is one fragment of modernism and postmodernist literature. Writers take challenge, experiment strange new techniques, and create something new never been seen before. 03 Literary Modernism Started in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It mainly centers on Europe and North America. 04 Magical Realism A genre of fiction writing that is attract in modern realistic world with charming and improbable elements.

51. In conclusion, we can say that the types of American literature have left a legacy to humanity that will be a source of inspiration for future generations. Traditional fiction involves the stories shared by past generations, including folklore, myths and legends. American literature consisted mostly of practical nonfiction written by British settlers who populated the colonies that would become the United States. Historians still continoing debate the heritage of economic development, and cultural cleavage that colonialism has left the world. We can conclude that romanticism as a movement is opposed to illustration since the enlightened believed that reason was the engine that drove man towards happiness. CONCLUSIONS